238 



be seen amid the thick foliage. Moreover, the number of different spe- 

 cies is so great, and the variations of plumage so endless, that the young- 

 student of ornithology is bewildered, and for the first year i« compelled 

 to leave the subject with the single note, " great numbers 01 Warblers 

 came last night, and to-day the woods are full of them." The Black 

 and White Creeper is one of the best known of these Warblers, and one 

 of the few which breed throughout the whole Mississippi Yalley and 

 Manitoba. 



Forsaking this district in winter, it returns late in February or early 

 in March. In the spring of 1884 they arrived at both Manhattan, Kans., 

 and Saint Louis, Mo., April 17 — a thing which seldom happens, as West- 

 ern birds are usually later than Eastern. After a pause of a few days, 

 they advanced rapidly on April 27 and April 28 to latitude 42°. May 

 1 found them at latitude 44°, and May 10 at latitude 47° 30'. The 

 bulk followed some ten or twelve days in the rear. This species has 

 not yet been traced west to the Rocky Mountains, but it has been found 

 in Texas as far west as San Angelo, and it w T as seen April 9 at Gaines- 

 ville, Tex. 



In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Black and White Creepers left Will- 

 iamstown, Iowa, August 22, and the last September 5. The bulk left 

 Mount Carmel, Mo., August 25, and the last September 11. At San 

 Angelo, Tex., the last was seen September 23. 



In the spring of 1885 the notes on the Black and White Creeper in- 

 dicate that it moved earlier in the western part of the district than in 

 he eastern, or else that it was confounded with some other bird. The 

 first was recorded at Gainesville, Tex., March 31, and the remark was 

 made that this date was ten days later than the earliest record of pre- 

 vious years. It was reported from Corinth, Miss., April 7. The next 

 note came from Manhattan, Kans., where it was reported April 15. At 

 Mount Carmel, Mo., it was seen April 18. During the three days from 

 April 21 to April 23 it was seen at Saint Louis, Mo.; Paris, 111.; Chi- 

 cago, 111.; Fernwood, 111.; Des Moines,. Iowa; Waukon, Iowa, and 

 Lanesboro, Minn. At Chicago they were marked common April 21. 

 After a long pause they advanced to Ripon, Wis., May 5, and were 

 noted from New Richmond, Wis., May 10. One was seen at White 

 Earth, Minn., May 16. 



In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., September 

 25. It disappeared from River Falls, Wis., September 15. The first 

 appeared at San Angelo, Tex., September 3. 



637. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). [75.] Protlwnotary Warbler. 



Winters beyond our southern border, and advances in spring regu- 

 larly to southern Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska, and occasion- 

 ally a little farther, breeding throughout its United States range. 



August 16, 1874, Dr. Hvoslef shot a Prothonotary Warbler in west- 

 ern Wisconsin, opposite the mouth of the Root River. The most north- 

 ern record of its occurrence is that of F. L. Grundtvig, who procured a 



