develop modern civiliza- 

 tion — were all immigrants 

 in Europe, who had origin- 

 ated and started upward 

 elsewhere. 



THE ONLY RECORDS OF EARLY 



MAN YET DISCOVERED 



ARE IN EUROPE 



But while we could doubt- 

 less learn far more of the 

 paleo-historyand prehistory 

 of man if we knew what 

 had happened to him in 

 Asia during the two or 

 three hundred thousand 

 years before history dawn- 

 ed in Mesopotamia and on 

 the Nile, we do not, as a 

 matter of fact, possess such 

 knowledge. The records 

 are European, as already 

 said, and necessarily in our 

 studies we must deal chiefly 

 with Europe. 



The climatic changes in 

 both temperature and mois- 

 ture produced extraordi- 

 nary oscillations in the 

 giant mammalian fauna of 

 the time. 



At the close of Pliocene 

 times Europe possessed a 

 warmer climate than at 

 present, and in the forests 

 flourished many trees now 

 only known in America- — ■ 

 the sequoia, sabal, sassafras, 

 locust, sweet-gum, and tulip 

 tree. There is no evidence that any an- 

 cestor of man then existed in Europe ; 

 but elephants, rhinoceroses," hippopotami, 

 saber-tooth tigers, wild oxen, and horses 

 abounded. 



The period of glaciation which ushered 

 in the Pleistocene drove these animals 

 southward, or into restricted areas in 

 middle Europe, and brought in many 

 northern forms, such as the musk-ox. 

 In the long succeeding period of mild 

 climate elephants and hippopotamus lived 

 beside or near by moose and lions and 

 Irish elk, and the saber-tooth was the 

 chief beast of prey (see page 117). 



Then came the second and severest 

 period of glaciation. During the mild 

 inter-Glacial period which followed new 



Photograph from Osborn's "Men of The Old Stone Age" 



A HEAD RECONSTRUCTED ON THE PIETDOWN SKULL, 



FOUND IN SUSSEX, ENGLAND: EOANTHROPUS 



DAW SON I 



The race is believed to have lived in England and France 

 100,000 to 300,000 years ago (see page 123) 



species of elephants and rhinos appeared, 

 and also the lion and hyena, together 

 with various species of horses, deer, and 

 cattle. Most important of all, the Heidel- 

 berg man appeared ■ — ■ the earliest true 

 man, clearly human, but, equally clearly, 

 closer kin to his remote anthropoid kin- 

 folk than is any existing savage. 



Again the glaciers advanced, and the 

 mammoth and woolly rhinos (see page 

 116) appeared, but disappeared as the 

 third inter-Glacial period of mild climate 

 set in. During this third period primi- 

 tive types of men existed side by side 

 with the great southern faunas. 



Once more the ice closed down ; mam- 

 moth, woolly rhinoceros, musk-ox, and 

 reindeer advanced southward from the 



ug 



