Photograph from Osborn's "Men of The Old Stone Age" 



THE NEANDERTHAL MAN, A RACE WHICH LIVED IN 



CAVES OF CENTRAL FRANCE 50,000 YEARS 



AGO (SEE PAGES I23-I25) 



Modeled on skull from cave of La-Chapelle-aux-Saints : 

 Correze, France 



Arctic tundra, and sometimes mingled 

 with lion and aurochs, horse and giant 

 deer ; and the low-browed, almost chinless 

 human hunters of the period dwelt in 

 grottos or at the mouths of caverns, the 

 possession of which they disputed with 

 the cave bear, cave lion, and cave hyena. 

 As this ice age passed there came a 

 period of cold, dry climate, and with it 

 an invasion of animal life from the east- 

 ern steppes — the kiang, the saiga, the 

 jerboa, and the steppe horse. Then by 

 degrees the climatic and geographical 

 conditions changed to those that still ob- 

 tain — the beasts of the steppes retreated 

 eastward and those of the tundra north- 

 ward, and the giant forms vanished from 

 the earth. 



THE APE-MAN OF JAVA 



It is the people who were 

 the companions of these 

 successive faunas whom 

 Mr. Osborn describes. He 

 begins by a brief summary 

 of the probable ancestral 

 tree of man in his prehu- 

 man days, showing that his 

 stem probably branched off 

 from that of the anthropoid 

 apes at the beginning of the 

 Miocene, having split from 

 the monkey stem at or be- 

 fore the beginning of the 

 Oligocene. Then he dis- 

 cusses the famous ape-man 

 of Java, the pithecanthro- 

 pus, the prehuman crea- 

 ture — probably, however, 

 only collaterally in our line 

 of ancestry — who appeared 

 at the dawn of the Pleisto- 

 cene (see picture, p. 112). 

 This being was already 

 half way upward from the 

 beast, half way between 

 true man and those Mio- 

 cene ancestors of his, who 

 were still on the psychic 

 and intellectual level of 

 their diverging kinsfolk, the 

 anthropoid apes. He, or 

 some creature like him, was 

 in our own line of ascent 

 during these uncounted ages 

 when our ancestors were 

 already different from all 

 other brutes and yet had 

 not grown to be really men. He prob- 

 ably used a club or stone at need ; and 

 about this time he may have begun very 

 rudely to chip or otherwise fashion 

 stones to his use. 



His progress was very, very slow ; the 

 marked feature in the progress of man 

 has been its great acceleration of rapidity 

 in each successive stage, accompanied 

 continually by an inexplicable halt or 

 dying out in race after race and culture 

 after culture. 



250,000 YEARS LATER — THE HEIDELBERG 

 MAN 



After the ape-man of Java we skip a 

 quarter of a million years or so — accord- 

 ing to Mr. Osborn's conservative figrur- 



120 



