CONTENTS 



Page- 

 Introduction 7 



Damage by woodpeckers in general 7 



Damage to trees 7 



Holes made in digging out insects 8 



Excavation of nest and shelter cavities 8 



Attacks of tree enemies aided by woodpeckers 9 



Compensation for injuries due to food and nest excavations 9 



Damage to wooden posts and structures 10 



Damage to telephone and telegraph poles 10 



Damage to fences and buildings 13 



Prevention of damage 14 



Damage by sapsuckers 16 



Distribution and habits of sapsuckers 16 



Effects of sapsucker work on the external appearance of trees 18 



Effects of sapsucker work on the health of trees 20 



Trees attacked by the yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) ... 21 



Trees attacked by the red-breasted sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber) 50 



Trees attacked by the Williamson sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus) . . 53 



Summary of injuries jeopardizing the vigor or life of trees * 53 



Bibliography 55 



Effects of sapsucker work on lumber and finished wood products 56 



Introduction 56 



Woods in which blemishes or ornamental effects are known to result 



from sapsucker work 62 



Summary of blemishes and ornamental effects in lumber resulting 



from sapsucker work 89 



Do other species of woodpeckers share the sapsuckers' habits? 91 



Food of sapsuckers , 95 



How to recognize sapsuckers 96 



Defensive measures against sapsuckers 96 



General conclusions 98 



LLUSTRATIONS 



PLATES. 



Page. 



Plate I. Yellow-bellied, red-naped, and red-breasted sapsuckers Frontispiece 



II. Williamson sapsucker 16 



III. Work of pileated woodpecker; bleached walnut wood 16 



IV. Work of California woodpecker; swollen sapsucker girdles 16 



V. Work of flicker and sapsuckers 16 



VI. Work of sapsucker on willow 28 



5 



