6 CONTENTS. 



Page. 



Plate VII. Work of sapsucker on white elm 36 



VIII. Work of sapsucker on white elm and western hemlock 64 



IX. Work of sapsucker on hickory, maple, basswood, and chestnut; 



bird's-eye 68 



X. Work of sapsucker on hickory and oak 70 



XI . Work of sapsucker on hickory, pitch pine , red cedar, and sassafras . . 72 



XII . Work of sapsucker on tulip tree 78 



TEXT FIGURES. 



Fig. 1. Homemade nest box for woodpeckers 15 



2. Longitudinal section of nest box shown in fig. 1 15 



3. Spiny tongue of downy woodpecker 17 



4. Brushy tongue of sapsucker 17 



5. Sapsucker work on honey locust 19 



6. Sapsucker work on hornbeam 32 



7. Sapsucker work on California sycamore 39 



8. Sapsucker work on bitter cherry 43 



9. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of sugar maple 59 



10. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of sugar maple 60 



11. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of long-leaf pine 63 



12. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of bald cypress 64 



13. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of bald cypress 65 



14. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of red cedar 66 



15. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of red fir 66 



16. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of black cotton wood 67 



17. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of Carolina poplar 68 



18. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of black walnut. _ 68 



19. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of pecan 71 



20. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of big shellbark 72 



21. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of hornbeam 72 



22. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of chestnut 73 



23. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of black oak 74 



24. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of cow oak 75 



25. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of white live oak 75 



26. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of live oak 76 



27. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of shin oak 77 



28. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of slippery elm 78 



29. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of hackberry 78 



30. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of red bay 79 



31. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of California holly 81 



32. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of honey locust 82 



33. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of honey locust 83 



34. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of holly 84 



35. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of basswood 85 



36. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of flowering dogwood 86 



37. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of the tree huckleberry 87 



38. Yellow-bellied sapsucker 92 



39. Flicker 93 



40. California woodpecker 94 



41. Pileated woodpecker 95 



42. Hairy woodpecker 96 



43. Red-headed woodpecker 97 



44. Red-bellied woodpecker 98 



