24 WOODPECKEKS IN RELATION TO TREES. 



Spruces, if not killed, are weakened and rendered unsightly. 



Wright says : 



Here, in the garden, they attacked a large spruce one autumn, and the next spring 

 the trunk was white with the sap that leaked from the hundreds of ' ' taps, ' ' and the 

 tree has never since recovered its vitality. 



Among the coniferous trees so badly affected are the most beautiful 

 and valuable ornamental species, defacement or destruction of which 

 is a serious offense. 



LIST OF PINACE^E ATTACKED. 



White pine (Pinus strobus). — The white pine is the most impor- 

 tant tree of the eastern United States and is a valuable ornamental 

 species. Hopkins states that young trees are injured or lulled by 

 sapsuckers; Horsford notes that he has "seen the white pine de- 

 stroyed" by these birds; and Warren says: "In one garden [in Ra- 

 cine, Wis.] all the . . . white pine trees were entirely killed." Evi- 

 dently this species suffers severely from sapsuckers, and, as it is so 

 valuable, the loss is serious. 



Limber pine (Pinus Jlexilis) . — Colorado (A. M. 499). 



Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). — Washington (A. M. 498). 



One-leaved nut pine (Pinus monopJiylla) . — California (A. A. 

 and A. M. 492). 



Nut pine (Pinus edulis). — Vermejo, N. Mex., May 6, 1903, (H.). 



Chihuahua pine (Pinus chiliuahuana) . — Southern Arizona (A. M. 

 491). 



Red pine (Pinus resinosa). — This species is rather infrequently 

 used for ornamental purposes and generally goes under the name 

 Norway pine. Butler (1890) says: "Norway pines in my yard have 

 been girdled until they became puny, sickly trees and were cut 

 down, and one tree was so girdled about two-tliirds of its height 

 from the ground that it was broken off during a windstorm." A red 

 pine in the grounds of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington 

 bears considerable sapsucker work. 



Bull pine (Pinus jmnderosa mayriana). — Santa Rita Mountains, 

 Ariz. (A.M. 489). 



Lodgepole pine (Pinus murrayana). — Uintah Mountains, Medi- 

 cine Bow Range, Wyo. and Utah (H. 6175b). 



Long-leaf pine (Pinus palustris). — At the Santee Club, South 

 Carohna, fully 50 per cent of the long-leaf pines bear sapsucker work, 

 some to a disfiguring degree, as protruding girdles have resulted. 

 At Gainesville, Fla., sapsucker pecking is also plentiful on this 

 species, but on St. Vincent Island, Fla., only a few trees are punc- 

 tured. Hopkins notes that the sapsucker injures or kills young 

 trees. (His specimens are from Baldwin, Fla.; Boardman, N. C. ; 

 and Buna, Tex.) Ernest Napier, of the Game Commission of New 



