66 



WOODPECKERS IN RELATION TO TEEES. 



mers Island, Md. It is evident that considerable loss may be occa- 

 sioned by the work of sapsuckers on red cedar. (Specimens from 

 Plummers Island, Md. ; Kanawha Station, W. Va. 

 (H.); IUinois (F. 26487); and Florida (A. M. 417).) 

 Species of Pinace^j blemished. — Whitebark 

 pine, nut pine, bull pine (by Williamson sapsucker, 

 H. 8516), lodgepole pine, long-leaf pine, pitch pine 

 (H.) (PI. XI, fig. 2), scrub pine, red spruce (H.), 

 Engelmann spruce, weeping spruce, tideland spruce, 

 eastern hemlock (H.), western hemlock, Douglas fir, 

 Abies concolor, A. grandis, A. amabilis, A. magnified 

 (fig. 15), A. nobilis, big tree, bald cypress, incense 

 cedar, canoe cedar, Monterey cypress, Macnab 



! cypress, white cedar (H.), desert juniper, western 



juniper, and northern red cedar. 



Fig. 14.— Effects of 



sapsucker work on 

 wood of red cedar 

 Uuiiipcius virgin*- 

 ana). Radial anil 

 tangential sections. 

 (From Hopkins.) 



THE POPLARS AND WILLOWS (sALICACE^E). 



The defects due to sapsucker work on poplar vary 

 from small, slightly stained checks to large open 

 knotty cavities, bordered or partly filled with de- 

 cayed wood. Sometimes these checks cause the de- 

 velopment of adventitious buds, thus making true knots. Over these, 

 as well as over the normally healed pecks, are curls in the grain, 

 which in some 

 cases are dupli- 

 cated through a 

 great many an- 

 nual layers (fig. 

 16). These or- 

 nament the 

 wood, but it is 

 doubtful if 1 hey 

 counterbalance 

 the disadvan- 

 tage of the 

 m a. n y large 

 checks. The 

 latter unfit the 

 wood of black 

 cot t on wood , 

 tacmahac, and 

 Carolina poplar 



for one of its principal uses- the manufacture of tubs, barrels, and 

 woodenware. 



I ■'!(.. 15.— Effects of sapsucker work on wood of red fir (Abies magnifica). 

 checks, stains, gnarled and curled grain. 



