BLEMISHES IN ELM AiSTD HACKBEERY. 



IB 



Fig. 24.— Effects of sapsucker work on 

 wood of cow oak (Quercus michauxii). 

 Stained and soft-walled checks. 



water oak (Santee Club, South Carolina), laurel oak, white live oak 

 (fig. 25), live oak (Santee Club, South Carolina; Glen Rose, Tex., fig. 

 26), net-leaf oak (A. A.), Texan white oak, shin oak (fig. 27), Chapman 

 oak, chestnut oak (Seven Locks, Md.), cow oak (fig. 24), western 

 white oak (PL X, fig. 5), Colorado white 

 oak, post oak (Longbridge, La.), and 

 white oak (H.). 



the elms and hackberries 



(ulmace^e). 



Defects due to sapsuckers have been 

 noted in the wood of six kinds of elms 

 (including water elm), in three of 

 which they are serious, and in two 

 species of hackberry, one of which is 

 much blemished. The defects vary 

 from light brown stains of no economic 

 significance to black checks, some- 

 times large and often filled with loose 

 or soft woody tissue. 



All of the elms furnish wood of commercial importance, and sap- 

 sucker work reduces its value or spoils it for such "representative 

 uses as the wooden parts of agricultural implements and vehicles, 



cooperage, and furni- 

 ture. Hackberry wood 

 is sometimes used for 

 furniture, for which sap- 

 sucker defects unfit it. 



White elm ( TJlmus 

 americana) . — Healed 

 sapsucker wounds in this 

 tree vary from small 

 cavities partly filled 

 with powdery tissue to 

 large open knots, some- 

 times an inch or more in 

 length and involving 

 three to four annual lay- 

 ers of wood (PI. VIII, 

 fig. 2). These knots, 

 as well as the wood immediately surrounding them, and sometimes 

 for some distance along the grain, are black stained. When sap- 

 sucker work is abundant, the whole body of the wood is sprinkled 



-Effects of sapsucker work on wood of white live oak 

 (Quercus chrysolepis). Knotty checks. 



