76 



WOODPECKEES IN RELATION TO TEEES. 



with stains, the grain is gnarled and in some cases (PL VIII, fig. 1) 

 strongly bent outward, and the wood is unfit for any of the ordinary 

 uses of the lumber except fuel or coarse construction. (Specimens 

 from near Scotts Run, Fairfax County, Va.) 



Slippery elm ( TJlmus fulva) . — The defects resulting from moder- 

 ate sapsucker work are short (one-fourth to one-half inch) wavy checks 

 surrounded by black stain extending up to one-half inch both verti- 

 cally and horizontally on the surface of the wounded annual ring, 

 and by light brown stain for a much greater distance. The stains 

 penetrate the wood under the wounds. 

 Where several pecks are close together, the 

 defects are much worse, being open knotty 

 checks up to H- square inches and with open 

 fissures extending one-half inch or more 

 toward the bark (fig. 28). These large de- 

 fects are stained black and are surrounded by 

 brown stain extending 4 inches or more. The 

 grain is curled over the pecks. The blemishes 

 seriously afreet both strength and beauty. 

 (Specimens from Longbridge, La.) A trunk 

 from Missouri (A. M., 278) contains small black 



checks and brown stains resulting from sap- 

 sucker work. 



Hackberry {Celtis mississippiensis) . — 

 Healed sapsucker punctures in this species 

 appear as transverse dark brown stains from 

 which lighter brown stains run sewral inches 

 both up and down the grain, and from which 

 also open checks, more or less filled with 

 easily removable soft tissue, extend toward the 

 bark for varying distances up to an inch 

 (fig. 29). These cheeks are .from one-fourth to 

 one-half inch wide. The defects injure the 

 lumber in both appearance and strength. 

 (Cottonport, La., Feb. 14, 1910.) 

 Species of Ulmace*: blemished. — Rock elm, winged elm, white 



elm, slippery elm, water elm (A. M.), Celtis occidentalis (F.), and 



( 'eltis mississippii nsis. 



THE FOUR O'CLOCK FAMILY (\ Y< TA(UNACK.e). 



The wood of blolly (Torrubia longifolia), the only native tree of 

 this family, is sometimes blemished by small open knotty checks 

 with little stain but much gnarly grain. 



Fn;. -it;.— Effects of sapsucker 

 work on wood of live oak 

 (Qucrcusvirgit'iaiKi). Loose 

 knots and slain. 



