106 G. Bar us — Ionization of Water Nuclei. 



chapter of my memoir, and lead to an explanation of the elec- 

 trical behavior of water nuclei, so far as it is here in question, 

 which is free from new hypotheses. 



2. Apparatus. — If in the receiver, or condensation cham- 

 ber, A, the cock, &, is joined with s by a metallic pipe, e, lead- 

 ing directly to the tubular condenser G (radii 1*05 and *32 cm , 

 length, 50 cm ), the apparatus takes the form of figure 1, adapted 

 for measuring the initial ionization of the nuclei. If the cocks 

 Jc and cl (filter) are closed and the fine radial jets are put in 

 action by opening the water faucet, A, the charged air is grad- 

 ually expelled through b as the water level in A rises. When 

 an efficient jet is used the rate is usually about dV/dt=% liters/ 

 minute. This velocity may be increased or diminished by aid 

 of the flask, M, attached at Jc. 



Since the jets from j impinge on the walls* of the vessel, 

 this is kept uniformly moist, or better, coated with water and 

 therefore continually put to earth by the hydrant connection. 

 Similarly the pipe, 6, leading to the outer coating of the con- 

 denser is with this continually put to earth. The core of the 

 condenser, insulated by long hard rubber supports, i, i, retains 

 charge well, even at high potentials and in spite of the damp 

 gases, because of the remoteness of the supports. 



3. Results — Initial Gharges. — The following table gives the 

 data obtained when the nuclei generated by the spray are at 

 once passed into the tubular condenser, whose inner surface is 

 charged as stated, the outer being put to earth. 



Table I. — Ionization of water nuclei. dV/dt = 2 liters/min. Total capacity 

 72 cm . Deflections of electrometer s in the lapse of time given in the 

 chart, curve No. 1. 



Electrometer 



Insulation 





Insulation 



6s 



charge. 



before. 



a 



after. 



cm/m 



+ at 



a = -013 



338 



a= -010 



7'9 



20 volts 





•490 





71 



— at 





•072 





3'2 



20 volts 



a = — -020 



•091 

 •108 

 124 



a = -002 



3-8 

 4*0 

 4-0 



+ at 



a = -022 



223 



a = -015 



7-9 



20 volts 





335 

 498 



872 





7-8 

 71 



Similar observations are given in the chart, curves 2 and 3, for higher 

 potentials. The first observations are usually low, for the nuclei do not at 

 once fill the condenser. The last observations are often high, § 14. 



* Charged nuclei are also produced from jets impinging on a surface of 

 water, without a solid obstacle, or when jets shatter each other. The effi- 

 ciency, however, depends on the degree of comminution. 



