4(U Kindle — Niagara Domes of Northern Indiana. 



Dips. — A large percentage of the outcrops throughout the 

 X iagara area are characterized by dips of from 5° to 80°. In a 

 few instances the dips represent cleavage planes. In one case 

 (at the Means Quarry, Newton County) both cleavage and bed- 

 ding planes are well defined and nearly at right angles to each 

 other, both being inclined at a high angle to the horizontal. 

 A few localities have also been noted where the dip is the 

 result of irregular or false bedding. But the great majority 

 of the dips can be referred to neither of these causes. They 

 are clearly the result of the deformation of strata which were 

 originally horizontal. 



A brief study of the tilted beds will suffice to show that they 

 are not referable to ordinary anticlines. A description of the 

 beds near Kentland will illustrate this. At the Means Quarry 

 (N.E. of N.W. of sec. 25) the rock is a hard gray limestone very 

 line-grained, in strata 3" to 25" in thickness, dipping N. 60° 

 to 65°, with strike of N. 82 E. At the McKee quarry, less 

 than half a mile to the east, the strata dip 70° to 75° toward 

 the east with a strike of N. 12° W. ? or nearly at right angles 

 to the strike at the Means quarry. 



Numerous exposures of the Niagara limestone occur near 

 Delphi which show dips of from 10° to 45°. The dips here, 

 like those at Kentland, do not conform to an anticlinal struc- 

 ture but appear to be quaquaversal. 



Domes. — At Wabash a tine exposure of the Niagara occurs 

 near the railroad station which affords a key to the puzzling 

 dips at Kentland and other points where only small exposures 

 can be seen. A railroad cut has exposed a cross section 

 through the center of a small dome in the Niagara limestone 

 and shale. In passing through the cut the beds are seen dip- 

 ping in all directions from the center. On the northeast, east, 

 and south of the dome the Wabash River has denuded the 

 dome of superficial deposits and the beds are seen dipping 

 sharply in these several directions, as shown in the accompany- 

 ing photographs. At the south end of the cut the strata dip 

 25° to 30° S. 40 W. Toward the north end of the cat they 

 are seen dipping to the northwest and north. On the east 

 side the dips are east and southeast. The width of the dome 

 from north to south exposed in the cut is about 840'. A por- 

 tion of the south side of the dome has been removed by erosion. 

 It is estimated that the total north and south diameter has 

 been about 1150'. The excavation for the railroad gives a 

 continuous exposure from the center of the dome of the 

 Niagara shale and limestone for half a mile. The dips of the 

 beds going north from the center of the dome are observed to 

 drop down gradually from a maximum of 30° to perfectly 

 horizontal beds. No dips or other disturbances are noticeable in 



