44 PHYSICAL BASIS OF CIVILIZATION 



during which variation and natural selection ac- 

 complished this change. See Appendix, Note V. 



By measurements and from data morphologically 

 deduced from observations on fossil remains, it has 

 been determined, firstly, that, the brains of some of 

 the earliest club, missile, and fire using men were, 

 if at all, then not much inferior in mass to those of 

 the average civilized person of the present era; 

 e. g., the quaternary man of the Dordogne; secondly, 

 that the brains of the most primitive upright crea- 

 tures were little, if any, greater or better than those 

 of the average adult gorilla, gibbon, chimpanzee, or 

 orang. This follows, also, from the fact that, being 

 the immediate offspring of creatures physically like 

 these anthropoids, there is until after the modifica- 

 tion of the entocuneiform and in the position of the 

 foramen no rational ground whatever for the con- 

 jecture that they ranged intellectually higher than 

 these. For until these changes had come, such 

 creatures had no occasion whatever for higher intel- 

 ligence, being well fitted for the struggle for existence, 

 having no special incentive to make use of their 

 intelligence, nor either of the three causes which 

 forced its growth in our race ; all of which will be 

 more fully explained in this and in the next chapter. 

 The brain weight of the anthropoids averages from 

 about two-sevenths to nearly one-half of that of 

 civilized persons. When the proportion between the 

 weight of the body and the weight of the brain is 

 taken into consideration, the disparity is even greater. 



