BRUTE-MAN'S HELPLESSNESS 13 



the universality of natural selection among organic 

 forms, implies a greater degree of specialization and 

 adaptability. Such a process in sexually reproduc- 

 ing organisms obviously cannot be continuous from 

 generation to generation. For a new individual 

 of a new generation springs from the conjugation 

 of the sperm cell of one organism with the germ cell 

 or ovum of another. This conjugation is the begin- 

 ning of the evolution of a new organism, and not a 

 continuation of the evolution of either or both of 

 the organisms from which these two different cells 

 have come. Thus, higher forms of life are not 

 evolved, but derived, descended from lower, by 

 variation, through sexual reproduction. See Ap- 

 pendix, Note IV. 



In sexual reproduction, the matter and force 

 required to begin the growth of a new organism are 

 derived from two parents. By the conjugation of 

 the part coming from one with that from the other, 

 a mixture is obtained competent to cause a new life 

 to grow. 



If both parents are of the same species, then fertile 

 offspring are the result. Organisms of the same 

 species must resemble each other in those congenital 

 specific traits by which their species is distinguished, 

 but in other congenital traits they can differ, and 

 the probability is infinitely great that they will so 

 differ. The reproductive matter and force from an 

 organism which differs congenitally from another 

 must differ from the reproductive matter and force 



