SUMMARY 



The tremendous structural defects from which 

 the earliest upright brute ancestors of man suffered 

 in the struggle for existence, and the fact that these 

 were all produced by the change from the horizontal 

 to the upright attitude, were discussed in the first 

 chapter. Incidentally, some fundamental principles 

 of biology were briefly explained, to remove the risk 

 of error which might otherwise arise from their 

 popular interpretations. 



How the two anatomical variations referred to in 

 the title as "The Physical Basis of Civilization" 

 inexorably produced the upright attitude was told 

 in the second chapter. Also the bearing of pan- 

 mixia upon the gradual but steady improvement of 

 all distinctly human traits, and it was demonstrated 

 that nothing besides conduct guided by intelligence 

 could have saved the race from extermination. The 

 reasons were next given why an enormously long 

 period was required to account for the growth of the 

 brute sense of our earliest upright ancestry into 

 that superior intelligence which the first artificially 

 armed men must have possessed. 



Two objections, heretofore current in literature, 

 against this last conclusion were then discussed 

 with such thoroughness and impartiality as the 



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