102 The Badland Formations of the Black Hillia Region 



n ore in length and fully eight feet high. A restoration of Mega- 

 cerops dis'par from the Lower Titanotherium beds, described by 

 Hatcher in Annals Carnegie Museum, 1902, is somewhat smaller 

 than either of the above, but the exact size is not given. It was 

 the finding of nearly complete remains of a Megacerops that af- 

 forded Marsh the opportunity to make his early restoration. 

 This is described in American Journal of Science, 1889, but as 

 in Hatcher's description, exact measurements are not given. 

 Doubtless skulls and other bones have been found, particularly 

 of the Brontotherium, that would indicate larger Titanotheres 

 than those represented in the restorations, but the measurements 

 given will perhaps serve to represent average sizes of well 

 developed individuals. 



In addition to the restorations just indicated, the following 

 restorations in the flesh are noteworthy : Megacerops (Brontops) 

 robustus in Hutchinson's Extinct Monsters, second edition, 1893; 

 Titanothere Family (Brontotherium gigas) in Osborn's Pre- 

 historic Quadrupeds of the Rockies, Century Magazine, Vol. 

 52, 1896, p. 709; Megacerops in Lull's Restoration of the Titan- 

 othere Megacerops, American Naturalist, Vol. 39, 1895; Titano- 

 therium (Brontops) in Knipe's Nebula to Man, 1905. 



Plate 39 is a reproduction of the restoration of Titanother- 

 ium as given by Knipe. Plate 40 is a reproduction of Osborn's 

 Brontotherium gigas, but representing a different view from that 

 published in the Century Magazine. 



In general appearance the Titanothere showed some re- 

 semblance to the rhinoceros, particularly as to the head. The 

 limbs are stouter than in the rhinoceros, the fore limbs especially 

 so. The limbs have some likeness to those of an elephant, but 

 are shorter and apparently more supple. There are four short 

 thick hoofed toes on the front foot corresponding to the second, 

 third, fourth, and fifth of five toed animals. On the hind foot 

 only the second, third, and fourth are present (see Plate 36). 

 The body of the animal is short, as in the elephant, and the 

 shoulder is conspicuously high, much as in the bison. This is 

 caused by the great elongation of the spinous process of the 

 anterior dorsal vertebrae. These projecting parts have well 

 roughened extremeties and doubtless served to support in great 

 measure the stout muscles required to manipulate the powerful 

 head in feeding and to give opportunity for its aggressive use. 



The skull, (Plate 37), is particularly grotesque and note- 

 worthy. It is a long, low, saddle-shaped affair, with remarkable 

 nasal prominences at the extreme end, bearing in most species, 



