South! Dakota School of Mines 119 



.and one below ; premolars three above and three to four below ; 

 molars three above and three below. The skeleton as a whole 

 has many primitive characters but the various species all show 

 the general cervid affinities. The animal in life stood from one 

 to one and a half feet high at the shoulders. A reproduction 

 ■of the skeleton of Blastomeryx advena as restored by Matthew 

 is given in Figure 18. 



TURTLES 

 Few Badland fossils are more abundant or more widely 

 distributed or better preserved than the turtles. The size of the 

 individuals varies from a few inches in length to more than two 

 feet. Specimens three feet long are occasionally observed.* 

 From the various Badland formations in the region covered by 

 this paper ten species of turtles have been described. They are 

 as follows : 



Lower Oligocene. 



Graptemys inornata Loomis. 

 Testudo brontops Marsh. 

 Xenochelys formosa Hay. 

 Middle and Upper Oligocene. 



Stylemys nebrascensis Leidy. 

 Testudo thomsoni Hay. 

 Testudo laticunea Cope. 

 Lower Miocene. 



Testudo arenivaga Hay. 

 Testudo emiliae Hay. 

 Upper Miocene. 



Testudo ediae Hay. 

 Testudo hollandi Hay. 

 Testudo niobrarensis Leidy. 

 Of all these only Stylemys nebrascensis occurs in abun- 

 dance. So far as I have learned each of the others is known 

 only by one or two specimens. Published reference to these 

 latter is meagre and confined in the main to brief scientific 

 description. For the purpose of this paper there seems little 



* These large sized! Tertiary forms should not 'bet confused with, 

 the far larger Cretaceous 1 turtles found in the 'black Pierre shales near 

 the Big Badlands. These Cretaceous turtle® became veritable mon- 

 sters and reached a greater size than any others yet found anywhere 

 in the world, either living or fossil. The type specimen, found near 

 Railroad Buttes, southeast of the Black Hills and described by Mr. 

 Wieland in 189 6, had a total length, of approximately eleven feet, and 

 fragmentary portions of a still larger individual shewed a length of 

 forty inches for the head alone. 



