20 QUADRUMANA. 



much nearer than in the human : the rings are partly hony and partly 

 cartilaginous. 



The heart is not so broad at the base as in the human, nor so flat ; 

 and the two ventricles are more twisted or plaited upon one another. 

 The left ventricle is long, and to appearance a rounded distinct body, 

 the obliquity [of the heart is] nearly equal to that in the human ; 

 therefore, to appearance, there is but a very short inferior vena cava ; 

 but it passes a little way along the diaphragm before it perforates that 

 part. 



From the curve of the aorta arises two arteries ; the first, a large one, 

 is the common trunk of the right subclavian and of the two carotids, 

 the second is the left subclavian. 



The duodenum is very much as in the human : it is first covered by 

 the beginning of the transverse arch of the colon ; then by the mesen- 

 tery, which is attached to the back, below the transverse turn of the 

 duodenum. There are no valvulse conniventes. The ileum passes to 

 the right and enters the colon. The caecum is not attached to the 

 right psoas muscle, but is loose. There is no appendix caeci ; but there 

 is a point where it would be in the human. 



The colon is attached to the right edge of the mesentery, both of which 

 are attached to the right loins, kidneys, &c. ; it then crosses the spine, 

 being attached to the duodenum at its beginning to cross ; from thence 

 it continues its course, becoming looser and looser as it approaches the 

 left side, beginning first to have a mesocolon where it leaves the duo- 

 denum, which mesentery becomes broader to the left. When [the colon 

 has] got to the left loins it passes down to the pelvis, whose direction 

 is more backwards than in brutes. The colon has three longitudinal 

 bands, and consequently is sacculated. 



The liver is large and thick ; it is partially divided into four lobes ; 

 what answers to the left lobe in the human being half divided, the right 

 lobe also being half divided ; and there is a lobulus Spigelii, making in 

 all four. But, according to the idea of the human liver being of two 

 lobes, then this animal should have five ; for, of the three lobes, the 

 middle is the largest, and has the fissure on its middle part for the round 

 ligament. 



The gall-bladder lies in a shallow sulcus of the middle lobe, on the 

 right of the sulcus ; it is of an oblong oval figure, very similar to that of 

 the human, with its thick end at the edge of the liver. There is a 

 ductus hepaticus and a ductus cysticus, and of course a ductus com- 

 munis choledochus. The pancreas is exactly as in the human, which 

 is owing to the duodenum being as in the human. The spleen is very 

 similar to the human spleen. 



