RUMINANTIA. 13 L 



The erection of the penis does not make an increase of size and 

 length, as in many other animals. 



They hardly ever sweat, when hard worked, or hard run ; but have a 

 vast increase of secretion from the mouth and lungs. This observation 

 I made in Portugal 1 , where they work their oxen very hard, and in a 

 warm climate. 



Their fat, in general, is very hard, or what is called < tallow V 



The other parts of this class are, either in common with those of 

 some other a nim als, as, e. g., the. cloven foot is with that in the hog-kind ; 

 or they are not constant in the class, as, e. g., the horns, number of 

 teats, &c. 



They all live upon vegetables. 



The different cavities belonging to the stomach of young ruminating 

 animals, do not bear the same proportion in size that they do in the 

 adult, or that they do when they feed themselves, or leave off sucking. 

 A calf, for instance, has no occasion for the first cavity or reservoir ; 

 nor probably much occasion for either the second or third cavities ; but 

 it has for the fourth ; therefore this cavity is of full size [in proportion 

 to the body] ; but I imagine that the first three cavities soon begin to 

 increase, and much faster than the fourth, so as to bear to it a greater 

 proportionate size. 



Many of this class, as the bull, stag, &c, have a tuft of long hair 

 hanging from the orifice of the prepuce, which serves as a director for 

 the urine downwards : the elk has not this hair, but in him the orifice 

 is downwards. 



The corpus spongiosum runs along the under surface of the penis ; it 

 begins at the bladder, surrounding the membranous part, which is very 

 long, then swells into the bulb, which is pretty thick, and from thence 

 it passes forwards, becoming smaller and smaller, to the anterior end, 

 where it forms distinct veins, ramifying upon the body of the penis and 

 forming a kind of glans. That part which surrounds the membranous 

 part of the urethra is made up of a plexus of veins running parallel to 

 one another, and in the direction of the urethra, communicating freely 

 with one another. The bulbous part has these veins running in a 

 greater variety of directions to make up a thicker body; but, as we 

 trace this body forwards, we find it becoming more distinct, and at last 

 [resolved] visibly into two or three longitudinal veins, running parallel 

 to one another. This structure admits of a freer passage for the 



1 [In 1761-1763: see vol. i. pp. 327, 341.] 



2 [" I found the elk good, solid, wholesome meat, very like beef, but the fat is 

 disagreeable to eat : it is white and hard, getting cold as it were immediately in the 

 mouth."— ' Solitary Rambles,' Palliser, p. 126 (1853).] 



K2 



