144 RUMINANTIA. 



tery. As it crosses the spine it becomes smaller and smaller, and where 

 it begins to make the turns it is of the size of the small intestine. 

 These turns are, first, six in number, making the most external ones : 

 these are not circular but oblong ; more and more so towards the last, 

 so far as for the sixth to run parallel with each other, each turn making 

 a smaller distance laterally, or in some degree within the other, but not 

 so much so at what may be called the ends, although at the lower end 

 they are pretty much so, while at the upper end the second rather 

 projects over the first, the third over the second, the fourth over the 

 third, and so on. 



After having made these outer turns, the intestine bends immediately 

 back upon itself, and gets more on the inside of the former, and follows 

 the same course backwards upon the inside and between the former, so 

 as to be seen between each outer turn : when it has finished those 

 internal turns, it emerges, and takes a sweep round the mesentery, 

 surrounding the outer base of the whole former turns, and, pretty close 

 to the small intestines, joins the ascending part of the colon on the 

 right, follows the course of the colon and duodenum towards the left, 

 then leaves them and goes much higher, and then bends down to form 

 the rectum, which becomes larger and larger to near the anus. 



Before these turns of colon can be [distinctly] seen, the mesentery, 

 with the whole of the small intestines, must be inverted ; for they are 

 on the posterior surface of the mesentery, the mesentery passing over 

 the base of these spiral turns, which can be [faintly] seen through the 

 mesentery. 



The epiploon is attached to the right side of the left division of the 

 lower part of the first stomach, and all along the fore-part of that great 

 pouch, about the middle between the upper and lower end, towards the 

 right side : it is there attached all along the fourth stomach, the second 

 and third being too high ; then to the beginning of the duodenum ; then 

 across the abdomen towards the left, attaching itself to the first bend 

 of the colon, across to the root of the mesentery, «fec. ; finally to the 

 posterior surface of the right pouch as it did on the anterior surface, 

 and so into itself again. Thus the right division of the lower end of 

 the first stomach, and the posterior surface of the fourth stomach, are 

 included in the cavity of this bag or epiploon. The lower or unattached 

 edge of this bag is somewhat narrower than its middle, by which means 

 it is obliged to be concave on one side, which is adapted to the general 

 size and convexity of the intestines belonging to the mesenteiy, which, 

 in the ruminants, take in the largest part of the colon. 



The liver has one lobe, is flat, has no gall-bladder, and the duct 

 enters the duodenum after that gut has made the first turn upon itself. 



