150 RUMINANTIA. 



parts 3 inches, at others 1 . When got to the left of the mesentery it 

 passes from the left to the right hand, behind the root of the mesentery, 

 and passes along with the ascending duodenum, making the same turns 

 upwards with that gut. It then makes a turn round the root of the 

 mesentery ; by that means gets before the mesentery, but is all this while 

 closely attached to it. "When got to the left of the mesentery it passes 

 down, and is attached to the mesoduodenum, which is common to both, 

 leaves it at the same place that the duodenum becomes jejunum, and 

 passes down the back to the pelvis, having a mesocolon. These spiral 

 turns are pretty much upon a flat, but somewhat a little conical ; the 

 hollow of the cone is upon the side next to the mesentery. 



From the first spiral turn, where it becomes smaller, it is hardly so 

 large as the small intestine, admitting only one knob of faeces ; but, 

 from its passing round the root of the mesentery, it becomes larger, on 

 to the rectum. 



The faeces begin to grow knobby at the first spiral turn. The small 

 intestines have no valvulae conniventes, and are ten times the length 

 of the animal. The colon is three times and a half 1 . 



The epiploon is attached to the stomach from the right to the left, 

 dividing the large bag into two halves, a superior and inferior ; it is 

 also attached to the last bag of the stomach, to the duodenum upon the 

 light, and on the right and posteriorly to that turn of the colon that 

 crossed the anterior part of the root of the mesentery. So that it makes 

 the bag enclose the lower half of the large bag of the stomach, one half 

 of the last bag, and all the ' parson's book :' the epiploon did not cover 

 the intestines. 



The liver is very small in proportion to the animal, is chiefly placed 

 on the right side, and is flat, lying upon the diaphragm ; it is divided 

 partially into three lobes. The gall-bladder is situated on the middle, 

 and the cystic duct runs along a groove in that lobe to the porta : it is 

 not contorted as in the human, but seems to be a little valvular at its 

 beginning, and has two or three small ducts passing into it. At the 

 porta it is joined by the hepatic, which seems to come chiefly from the 

 left side. These ducts are not buried in the liver, but run in a narrow 

 groove. 



The pancreas is more irregular, broader, and thinner than in the 

 human subject ; it is situated across the body ; on the left it is attached 

 to the diaphragm, and posterior part of the stomach : it hardly has a 

 little pancreas, as in dogs, &c. : its duct enters the ductus communis 



1 [Home, Comp. Anat. i. p. 464. He repeats Hunter's remark on the absence of 

 the valvals? conniventes; a remark which probably indicates an early period in 

 Hunter's comparative anatomical researches.] 



