154 



RUMINANTIA. 



kind of papillae as in a cow ; the tongue has the same sort of roughness 

 upon its surface. The tendons of the abdominal muscles are like an 

 elastic ligament. 



Upon opening the belly, the first thing that appears is the stomach, 

 filling the whole anterior part of the belly, so that no other viscus 

 appears. It is covered by the epiploon. The stomach adheres -very 

 firmly posteriorly to the loins and diaphragms, and other parts adjacent. 

 The adhesion on the mouth of the epiploon is not to the lower part of 

 the stomach, but to the upper and fore-part, by which means it covers 

 nearly the whole anterior part : the posterior part is attached to the 

 pancreas, and, upon the right, to the loins. 



The stomach is bifurcated below the oesophagus, which opens into the 

 largest bag [rumen] 1 ; this at the most distant part from the oesophagus 

 is bifid like that of a goat, and on the inside to the right, a little below 

 the termination of the oesophagus, there is a large fold. Just by the 

 oesophagus, upon the right side, there is a large and somewhat oblique 

 opening into another bag [reticulum], which has a honeycombed 

 appearance. Upon the right of this cavity there is a small opening 

 that leads into the third bag, which is called the ' parson's book ' [psal- 

 terium]. Prom the lower part of this there is an opening into an 

 oblong cavity, the fourth stomach [abomasus], at the end of which the 

 first gut begins. 



The aliment in the large bag seemed to be a mass of undigested 

 food, chewed straw, &c. That in the second bag was more iiniform ; 

 that in the third still more so ; and in the fourth the aliment was 

 become thin. 



The duodenum passes towards the back, and there makes a quick 

 turn down along the loins, adhering to the other guts ; and at the 

 lower part of the loins it passes behind these guts, and makes a 

 gentle turn upwards behind ; then towards the left, adhering closely to 

 them ; and when got upon the left side it pushes out and becomes a 

 loose intestine, being strung upon the mesentery. The small intestines 

 lie principally behind the stomach and in the pelvis. The whole are 

 strung upon the mesentery as in common. The ileum, or termination 

 of the small intestines, passes to the right, and dips into the caecum, 

 which is in the right part of the loins. The caecum is bent upon the 

 beginning of the colon, and closely adheres to it through its whole 

 length. The colon passes up to the right side and then- makes a turn 

 towards the left, and passes down again, and wheels round to the right 

 again a second time and makes another complete turn round, and a 



1 [Hunt. Pmp. No. 560.] 



