EQUUS CABALLUS. 161 



ligaments and is bent upon the colon, or makes an acute angle with it, 

 and is attached to it by a narrow mesentery. It is principally on the 

 right. The beginning of the colon is attached to the root of the 

 mesentery, and lies between the roots of the mesentery and transverse 

 arch of the duodenum. It is very small, having no ligaments, and 

 makes a twist upon itself. Besides the angle made by it and the 

 eascum, it becomes loose, lying in the abdomen in no determined situa- 

 tion or direction ; it then becomes very loose, continues so for about 

 five feet, having four ligaments ; then becomes much smaller and makes 

 a bend upon itself, which is continued back along the former five feet, 

 and is attached to it by a narrow mesentery; it becomes gradually 

 larger towards the end of this attachment. The colon then crosses the 

 abdomen near the root of the mesentery towards the left, and at this 

 part it becomes small almost at once, and is continued on towards the 

 anus much of the same size, having only two [longitudinal bands or] 

 ligaments which are very strong 1 . In this last passage it has a loose 

 mesocolon and is considerably convoluted : this part is about 12 feet 

 long. This fold of the colon upon itself is the first part that appears 

 upon opening the abdomen. The variation of size in the first part and 

 the turns of the colon may depend on the irregularity of the muscular 

 contraction. 



The epiploon is attached forwards to the stomach, on the left to the 

 diaphragm ; behind, to the transverse turn of the colon. 



The liver consists of one lobe at the basis, but has two large sulci 

 which may be said to divide it into three partial lobes, besides which 

 the middle lobe has the sulcus in it for the umbilical vein. On the 

 right side of the right lobe there is a small flap. The lobulus Spigelii 

 is very flat. There is no gall-bladder. 



There are two pancreases ; one in the curve of the duodenum, the 

 other across the spine towards the spleen. The spleen 2 is a long body, 

 broad at its upper end. 



The vesiculae seminales are much the shape of a gall-bladder, and are 

 muscular. Both these and the vasa deferentia keep open after cas- 

 tration 3 . 



The urine of a horse goes much sooner into volatile alkali than that 

 of other animals : when it is voided it is extremely offensive, and by 



1 [Hunt. Prep. Nos. 732, 733.] 



2 [lb. "No. 836. The structure of the kidneys is well displayed in Nos. 1198, 

 1209—1214 ; that of the suprarenal body in No. 1285.] 



3 [The structure of the male parts is shown in Hunt. Preps. Nos. 2546 — 2551 : 

 that of the female parts in Nos. 2770 — 2774 : the same after impregnation with the 

 fcetal membranes and peculiarities in Nos. 3548 — 3558, 3699.] 



voi. rr. m 



