EQUUS ASTNUS. 163 



largest parts are about 8 inches in diameter. The beginning of the 

 fold has two ligaments, and the attachment serves as a third. The first 

 swell has three ligaments, and the attachment serves as a fourth : 

 where it becomes small a second time it has no ligaments : where it 

 swells a second time it has three ligaments, and the attachment serves 

 as a fourth. The course of this fold is obliquely towards the left iliac 

 bone, and it there makes a turn in towards the pelvis. 



At this part there are five openings, viz. ileum, caecum, the fold that 

 goes out, the fold that comes in, and the other part of the colon. This 

 part is firmly attached to the back and loins, surrounded, as it were, 

 with the turn of the duodenum. 



From this attachment the colon passes towards the left, forming the 

 transverse arch, which is bound down to the back and is much smaller 

 than the other parts, being only about 3 inches in diameter : when the 

 arch has got to the left side it has a long mesocolon, is very loose as it 

 passes down the left side, and there commences the rectum. This part 

 has but one ligament, and the attachment next to the mesocolon makes 

 two. 



The mesentery and mesocolon are very thin and long, so that the 

 intestines are very loose. There are no valvulse conniventes. 



The omentum is very thin and is not large enough to cover the whole 

 of the intestines; it is attached as in man. The foramen into the 

 omentum is behind the descending part of the duodenum. 



The pancreas is situated as in man, but adheres firmly to the trans- 

 verse arch of the colon, as the colon is close to the spine. 



The liver is thin and spread out like a leaf, lying close to the 

 diaphragm, but not covering nearly the half of it, being not so large as 

 a common human liver. It is divided into three lobes ; the right lobe 

 lies flat in the right loins ; the middle lobe is divided into two, lying in 

 the middle, but to the right ; the left lobe lies in the middle and to the 

 left. There is no gall-bladder. The liver is small m proportion [to the 

 size of the animal]. 



The pericardium is about 4 or 5 inches from the diaphragm : it is 

 connected to it by two doublings of the pleura, one on the right, the 

 other on the left ; the one on the left arises from the lower and lateral 

 part of the pericardium, from thence to the diaphragm, diverging and 

 is continued from the fore-part back to the spine, so that this divides 

 the right from the left. The right pleural ligament attaches the peri- 

 cardium in the same manner, but with this difference, that it goes no 

 farther back than the inferior vena cava, to which it is attached. The 

 pericardium, with its two attachments and the diaphragm, make a 

 cavity ; and, as the vena cava is not attached to the spine, there is a 



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