ELEPHAS INDICUS. 171 



but is more oblong, and not so much curved : it is longer at the great 

 end, and more pointed. It is 2 feet 10 inches long, and as much in 

 circumference at the thickest part. There are some valvulae conniventes 

 near the great end of it, but these do not go quite round 1 . The valve 

 of the pylorus is not so evident as in the human subject. 



The duodenum becomes immediately loose, and is thrown into con- 

 volutions : it does not pass far down the right side, but crosses the spine 

 to the left, pretty high, without being obliged to pass upwards, as in 

 most quadrupeds : in this last course it is considerably attached. The 

 duodenum is about a foot long, and 11 inches round ; as also [in regard 

 to circumference] the jejunum and ileum when blown up. The length 

 of the small intestines is 17 feet 2 . 



The valvulge conniventes are, some longitudinal, others transverse, 

 with all the varieties between them 3 . The intestinal glands are of the 

 aggregate follicular kind 4 , as in the ass. The lymphatics on the guts 

 are smaller than the arteries, and the lacteals on the mesentery are 

 smaller than in the human. There are no lymphatic glands on the 

 mesentery ; but several at the root of the mesocolon ; small, oval, flat, 

 dark red, and buried in fat ; not larger than in the human subject. The 

 nerves to the intestines went from large distant trunks ; not in plexuses. 



The ileum passes into the caecum, and is there only 9 inches round. 

 It passes in nearly at a right angle. The valve of the colon when dried 

 is an oval opening of 1 inch by half an inch. The caecum is 1 foot 

 9 inches long ; 2 feet 10 inches round. The caecum is puckered into 

 cells by longitudinal bands which were soon spent in the colon : the 

 longitudinal ligaments are three. The colon goes up the right side, and 

 crosses the body above the duodenum : at the crossing it adheres closely 

 to the duodenum at the root of the mesentery, and to the pancreas ; it 

 then gets behind the duodenum, crosses behind the root of the mesen- 

 tery, &c. to the left, and then goes to form the rectum. 



The liver is an oblong body, lying across the abdomen near the centre : 

 it is small for the size of the body of the animal. The hepatic duct was 

 5 inches long, and very large : it passes some way between the coats of 

 the duodenum 5 , where there is a protuberance made by a sphincter 



1 [Dry preparation in Hunt. Museum ; and see Home, Comp. Anat. i. p. 155, 

 tab. xviii.] 



2 [The animal, from the dimensions of the body, was a very young one.] 

 » [Hunt. Preps. Nos. 702, 703.] « [lb. No. 760.] 



5 [The receptacle which the duct here forms is shown in Prep. No. 825. Aristotle 

 refers to this structure when he states that " the gall is remote from the liver " in the 

 elephant. Camper gives a figure of the duodenal gall-pouch in pi. vii. figs. 1, 2, & 4, of 

 his account of the anatomy of a male elephant, in the posthumous ' CEuvres de P. 

 Camper,' torn. ii. pp. 1-282. 



