ELEPHAS INDICUS. 173 



drupeds 1 . In this the elephant is more similar to the human subject. 

 The lungs adhered universally to every part they came into contact 

 "with ; viz. to the inside of the ribs, the diaphragm, the pericardium, to 

 the trunks and vessels going and coming into the thorax. This cellular 

 membrane is much in quantity, so that the lungs may have a consider- 

 able extent of motion in the thorax, but it is extremely fine and close, 

 and very strong. 



The mouth of the elephant is extremely small for the size either of 

 the head or the whole animal ; owing in a great measure to the lower 

 jaw and lips coming to a point, almost like the lower part of the bill of 

 many birds, and indeed the lower jaw is very small in proportion to the 

 size of the head. It is, at the fore-part, considerably narrower than 

 the upper jaw; and the lip of the lower jaw projects a considerable way 

 beyond the jaw itself, forming a groove to the very point, the edges of 

 which are a continuation of the external lips. In this groove lies the 

 tip of the tongue 2 ; besides which it serves as a director for the pro- 

 boscis, which is the active part. The upper jaw is broader forwards 

 than the lower : the lateral lips of this jaw are at a greater distance 

 from one another than in the lower, and at the fore-part they are con- 

 tinued into the nose or snout, so that at the fore-part there is no 

 distinct lip for this jaw. The tongue is narrow from side to side, 

 especially at the fore-part, but is pretty thick ; it terminates forwards 

 in a point, fitting itself into the groove in the lower lip. The projecting 

 part beyond the frenum or attachment is bent downwards, making 

 there an obtuse angle with the posterior part 3 . 



The eye has six muscles as in the human subject. The iris is round. 

 The nigrum pigmentum is thick and dark on the front half of the 

 cavity of the eye, becoming thinner backwards, and at the posterior 

 part there is none to be found, and the choroid coat is there of a light 

 colour 4 . The optic nerve is long : the end next to the brain is pulpy, 

 but the other end is not. The [Harderian] lacrymal gland is placed on 

 the inner canthus of the orbit, and its ducts get on the inner surface of 

 the cartilage of the membrana nictitans, and open on that surface next 

 to the eye 5 . Besides this gland, there is a chain of glands which in- 

 closes the edge of the cartilage, whose ducts enter the tunica conjunctiva 

 iust where the glands are placed. 



The proboscis 6 of the elephant was 3 feet 3 inches long on the upper 



1 [The structure of the lung is shown in Hunt. Prep. No. 1135 : a section of the 

 trachea with the thyroid gland in No. 2064.] 2 [Hunt. Prep. No. 1489.] 

 3 [lb. No. 1490, showing one of the large fossulate papillae.] 

 * [lb. No. 1739.] s [ib. Nos. 1779, 1780.] 6 [lb. Nos. 2082—2084.] 



