288 RASORES. 



along the back to the anus, which is very large. There is no caecum, 

 and no gall-bladder. There are two hepatic ducts, which enter the 

 duodenum near its last turn, about -|ths of an inch from one another ; 

 they communicate with one another in the liver ; for by blowing into 

 one it filled the other. The muscles at the lower end of the trachea 

 are as in the parrot, (fee. T 



[Order Rasores.] 



The Pigeon [Columba livia, Briss. ?]. 



It has no gall-bladder. It has two hepatic ducts, one large, the 

 other small : the large one, which is the shortest, enters the duodenum 

 just at its bend at the stomach ; the small one, which is considerably 

 longer, passes down between the two folds of the duodenum, and enters 

 that gut in the middle between the bend and the termination. The 

 pancreas is situated as usual, having its anterior end passing backwards 

 to be attached to the spleen : it likewise has two ducts, one of which 

 enters the duodenum very near the long hepatic duct, the other passes 

 upwards and enters the duodenum near the tennination of that gut, 

 where the biliary and the pancreatic ducts commonly terminate. There 

 are two small caeca as in a dove. 



The Dove [Columba palumbus, Linn.]. 



The dove has a very large oesophagus, and has a crop ; the stomach 

 is very strong 2 . The caeca are small and short. The intestines made 

 three folds on one another : the first, the duodenum ; the second, a little 

 further on and larger ; the third, near the rectum and smaller. The 

 length of the rectum in the Dove, Partridge, and Butcher-Bird, is nearly 

 the same in proportion. The testicles were very small, and of a whitish 

 colour. In two others the testes were of this size . 



Comparison between a Dove [Columba palumbus, Linn.] and 

 a Pigeon [Columba livia, Briss.]. 



The liver is the same in each, the right much the largest, and comes 

 much lower than the left ; but not higher. The pancreas is just the 

 same : the anterior one is divided into two and lies lower than the 

 posterior one, as low as the bend of the duodenum ; the posterior passes 

 up higher than the anterior one, and its upper end is hollowed by the 

 lower end of the spleen, which is yellow in the dove and red in the 



1 [The Psittacidae have three pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.] 



2 [Hunt, Prep. Phys. Series, No. 527.] 



