TESTUDO INDICA. 363 



"We may suppose that in the act of copulation this groove is made a 

 complete canal or pipe by its edges coming together, from the opening 

 of the urethra to the end of the penis. Whether these two processes 

 conduct the semen into the two oviducts, I do not know. There are four 

 muscles to the penis, which appear to be for its protrusion and retraction, 

 and are very well adapted for that purpose. 



In the female there are two oviducts, one on each side near the shell ; 

 from the lower part of the cavity of the abdomen they pass up, attached 

 to the outer edge of the lungs by a thin membrane, which goes as high 

 as the liver. 



Of the Eye. — On the inside of the levator palpebrarum is a broad 

 glandular part [lacrymal gland], whose duct probably enters the eyelids 

 through the tunica conjunctiva that lines the upper eyelid. There is a 

 membrana nictitans, but not much larger than in many quadrupeds. I 

 could not find any retractor muscles. On the inner can thus is an 

 oblong gland [Harderian], whose anterior end passes into the membrane, 

 and whose duct enters on the inside of the membrana nictitans. The 

 eyeball has two sets of straight muscles, and two of oblique. The 

 cornea is small. The sclerotic coat is grey, approaching to black ; as is 

 also the tunica conjunctiva that covers it. The anterior part of the 

 sclerotic is bony. The pupil is round. The crystalline lens is flat on 

 the fore, and very convex on the back part. There is a great deal of 

 nigrum pigmentum on the inside and outside of the choroid coat. 



Large Tortoise from the East Indies 1 [Testudo indica,? forsan 

 Test, elephant opus]. 



The anatomical construction of this tortoise aj>peared to agree almost 

 wholly with that from South America, excepting in the lobulus Spigelii 

 being very broad behind the stomach. I observed two ducts, which 

 appeared to come from the liver, passing down, attached to the duo- 

 denum where the pancreas was, and uniting together pretty high up ; 

 their common duct entered the cystic duct before that entered the 

 intestine 2 . WTiether this is an hepatic duct or a pancreatic, I do not 

 know. It is very similar to the pancreatic duct in its coats ; not like 

 the hepatic. The gall-bladder was more than half surrounded by the 

 liver : it had thick coats, pretty smooth on its inner surface. Its duct 

 passed out at one end. 



1 [The skull of this tortoise is No. 1058, Hunt. Osteol. Series. The oesophagus is 

 No. 459 ; the stomach, Nos. 510—513 ; the intestines, No. 659 ; the pancreas and 

 spleen, No. 830; the heart, No. 920; the kidney, 1194; the tongue, No. 1461 ; the 

 male organs, Nos. 2450 — 2452.] 



2 [Hunt, Prep. Phys. Series, No. 830.] 



