436 INSECTA. 



very small wings : but this is not so in all ; the wings in some, as the 

 ant, being a much later process. The formation of the adult legs is 

 accompanied with the loss of the posterior [larval] feet, and of the tail 

 or holders, in those that have them, such as all those of the butterfly 

 and moth-kind. But every insect does not do this ; for the gnat, when 

 it shifts its last maggot coat, immediately becomes a fly. 



Of the Chrysalis. — The animal now passes into the chrysalis state, or 

 second state of fcetation ; and, in exchange for the last coat of the 

 caterpillar, there would appear to exude from the skin another coat, 

 which wraps up the whole like a mummy-shroud : but I believe that 

 in the maggot the coat which served them through that state, forms the 

 coat of the chrysalis. In some insects, as the stag-beetle [Lucanus 

 cervus~\, the chrysalis covering makes distinct sheaths for each part, 

 viz. for the wings, legs, &c. * ; in others, as the ant, humble-bee, &c, 

 it makes one common covering for the whole 2 . In some, as the silk- 

 worm, this coat becomes dry ; in others, as many beetles, it keeps moist : 

 this difference arises, most probably, from situation ; the chrysalis, in 

 one, being placed in dry places, in the other in moist. In some, as 

 in the silk- worm, butterfly, &c, the chrysalis coat is strong and hard; 

 in others, as in the bee-tribe, it is very thin. 



In form the dry chrysalises vary but little from one another ; in 

 general they appear like a case enclosing something of an oval or 

 oblong shape, much smaller at one end than at the other. However, 

 they are not all so, for the ant is a pretty regular ellipsis. Some are 

 pretty regular and smooth, such as the silk-worm or common fly ; 

 others have knobs or points on them, near to the head or thick end, 

 such as the butterfly. The moist chrysalises, such as those of the bee, 

 wasp, black-beetle [Geotrupes], are very much the shape of the perfect 

 insect. The dry chrysalises are of various colours ; some shining like 

 polished brass or copper, as the 3 ; others grey, 



as the chrysalis of the white butterfly; or red, as the chrysalis of 

 the fly. These colours belong not to the animal, but to the chrysalis 

 case. The moist chrysalises are at first commonly white ; then begin 

 to take on the colours of the perfect animal ; but this is owing to the 

 animal being seen through the coats. 



A chrysalis in general may be divided into two parts, one the head 

 and chest, the other the belly. Their stay in this state is various ; 



1 [Hunt. Prep. Phys. Series, No. 3076. Such chrysalises are the ' pupae incom- 

 plete ' of Linnaeus.] 



2 [See also the hawk-moth, Hunt. Prep. Phys. Series, No. 3061, as an example of 

 the 'pupa obtecta' of Linnaeus.] 



3 [See that of a butterfly : Hunt. Prep. Phys. Series, No. 3056.] 



