RELATION OF NIPPLES TO NUMBER OF OFFSPRING. 233 



in the milk. This substance does not put on its globular figure because 

 it is oily, and from oils having no attraction for water ; because if it was 

 simply so, as these globules came nearer to one another, they would 

 be attracted and run into one another till the whole oil became one 

 distinct part, which is not the case. Also, if this was the case, these 

 globules would be of different sizes, which they are not ; they are 

 all of one size, whether they are brought near to each other, or are 

 much diffused in the milk. This combination would appear to answer 

 the purpose of bringing the oil into a middle state between oil and 

 water, so as to render it miscible with water. Motion destroys this 

 combination, and reduces the cream, or rather the oil of the cream, to a 

 substance called butter, which is perhaps the only process that brings 

 it to the state of oil. However, butter is not the simple oil ; it is still 

 combined with some of the animal substance, which induces it to cry- 

 stallize in a greater degree of heat than does the simple oil. Heat will 

 destroy this last combination entirely, and separate the oil from the 

 animal substance with which it is combined ; the oily part runs into 

 common oil, and the animal part is coagulated into flakes. 



Of the Situation of Nipples as related to the number of Young 

 produced. 



All carnivorous animals have more than two or three at a birth ; 

 but only some of the graminivorous [have so many] ; therefore carnivo- 

 rous animals have a number of nipples along the [abdomen and] breast. 

 The graminivorous have commonly an udder only, which is placed on 

 the pelvis. The human subject has but two nipples placed on the 

 breast. It is said that the sea-horse (or rather mare) of Africa 1 has 

 the nipples also upon the breast 2 . 



There are three situations for the nipples of animals, viz. the breast, 

 the lower part of the belly or groin, and all along the breast and belly 3 . 



The first two situations are intended for those that have only one or 

 two young at a time, because the situation will not admit of many 



1 [Hunter here alludes to the manatee, or sea-cow (Manatus Senegaknsis), which, 

 like the dugong, has two pectoral nipples: in the female hippopotamus now (1858) 

 living at the Zoological Gardens, London, the teats are two in number, small, round, 

 and inguinal in position.] 



2 [The ape and monkey-tribe (Quadricmana), the bat-tribe (Cheirojrfera), and the 

 elephants, both African and Asiatic, besides the Sirenia above cited, have pectoral 

 mamma?.] 



3 [Hunter has added a note of another position : — " The ass has two nipples : they 

 are placed upon the prepuce, almost close to the opening. The same in the mare 

 and zebra."] 



