236 GENERATION. 



which produces softness and delicacy of look. The hair on the face 

 does not grow, nor is that which is over many parts of the hody so thick 

 or so strong. His shoulders do not project, or spread out so broadly. 

 The hips become wider, and the thighs thicker with fat, in proportion 

 to the other parts of the body, especially about the knees ; from the knee 

 to the thickest part of the calf, the leg becomes smaller, and of course 

 from the calf to the ankle, so that the thigh and leg form a pretty 

 regular cone with the base uppermost, much more so than in the perfect 

 male. The voice continues soft and sweet, does not break at the time 

 of puberty, but continues pretty strong. The perfect male does not 

 grow so fast as the female, nor does the female grow so fast as the cas- 

 trated male. 



Other male animals, when deprived of their testes, have the same 

 principle for alteration in the form of body, viz. a general declining off 

 from the perfect male towards the shape, &c. of the female. For 

 example, the bull is in general smaller than the cow. His horns are 

 short ; his face is broad, and covered with curly hair. The neck is 

 thick, short, and broad, strong before, and deep in the chest. The cow 

 is the reverse of all this. A bull-calf, if castrated when young, becomes 

 still larger than the cow, the horns grow much longer, his face becomes 

 narrower, and there is no long hair upon it ; the neck does not grow 

 thick, nor is it so deep in the chest. 



The horse differs from the mare in his head being larger; his forehead is 

 broader ; bis eyes larger, or he opens his eyelids more so as to expose more 

 of the white, which gives him a more lively and fierce look ; his nostrils 

 are wider ; his neck is thicker and more curved ; his breast is broader, 

 and is strongly made before, but is thin behind. The mare has none of 

 these properties. A foal, if gelt when young, loses a disposition for 

 such shapes, and therefore grows up like a mare ; his head, neck, and 

 fore parts are smaller, and his hind parts are broader and thicker than 

 they otherwise would have been. 



The stag is the animal that well exemplifies what we have been ad- 

 vancing, as he undergoes the same changes in common with other 

 animals, and he has also, in some parts, annual changes while he is 

 growing ; and he continues these changes after he has arrived at his 

 full growth ; which changes entirely depend upon the testes. 



The stag has horns ; the hind has none. These horns in the stag 

 are changed eveiy year, the old ones falling off, and new ones supplying 

 their places. For the first four years each new pair is larger and more 

 complete than the former ; and whilst the horns are growing, either 

 before the first four years, or in any year after, they go through several 

 stages before they are complete and fit to drop. If a young fawn be 



