TYPES OF SPEECH 23 



pose of being understood. The speaker shows that he 

 is conscious of the meaning which he desires to convey 

 through the medium of speech. He awaits and expects 

 a reply. If it is not given, the sound is repeated. The 

 speaker usually looks at the one addressed. Monkeys 

 do not habitually utter these sounds when alone. They 

 understand the sounds made by others of their own kind. 

 They understand the sounds when imitated by a human 

 being, by a phonograph, or by other mechanical means. 

 They understand the sounds without the aid of signs or 

 gestures. They interpret the same sound in the same way 

 at all times. Their sounds are made by their vocal organs 

 and are modulated by the teeth, the tongue, the palate, and 

 the lips. Their speech is shaded into dialects, and the 

 higher forms of animals have higher types of speech than 

 the lower ones. The higher types are slightly more com- 

 plex and somewhat more exact in meaning than the lower 

 ones. The present state of monkey speech appears to 

 have been reached by development from lower forms. 

 Each race or species of monkey has a form of speech pecu- 

 liar to its kind. When caged together for a time they 

 learn the meaning of each other's sounds, but seldom try 

 to utter them. Their faculty of speech is commensurate 

 with their mental and social status. They utter their 

 speech sounds loud or soft as the condition requires, which 

 indicates that they are conscious of the values. The more 

 pronounced the gregarious habits of any species, the higher 

 the type of speech it has. So far as I am able to discern, 

 there is no intrinsic difference between the speech of 

 monkeys and the speech of men. 



