I 4 APES AND MONKEYS 



of speech ; but this is intended as a record of observed 

 facts and from them the psychologist may make his own 

 deductions. 



With the ever-present belief that animals could talk to 

 each other, I observed from year to year certain things 

 which tended to confirm it. About sixteen years ago an 

 instance occurred which forever removed from my mind 

 all doubt or wavering. Prior to that time I had observed 

 that animals of the higher orders appeared to have the 

 better types of speech and, concurrent with this belief, 

 I tabulated many facts. In 1884 I made a visit to the 

 Cincinnati Zoological Garden, where I was deeply im- 

 pressed with the conduct of a school of monkeys occupy- 

 ing a cage which also contained a large mandrill. This 

 savage baboon was an evident source of terror to the 

 smaller inmates of the cage. A brick wall separated the 

 cage into two compartments. The one was intended for 

 summer and the other for winter occupancy. Through 

 this wall was a small doorway, large enough to admit the 

 passage of the occupants. I observed that two or three 

 of the monkeys kept continual watch over the conduct of 

 the baboon and reported to the other monkeys every move- 

 ment that he made. When he was lying still, the monkeys 

 passed back and forth without fear, but the instant he 

 rose to his feet or gave any sign of disquiet the fact was 

 promptly reported by the monkeys on watch to those in 

 the adjoining compartment, and they acted in accordance 

 with the warning. I was not able to determine the exact 

 thing they reported, but the nature of the report was evi- 

 dent, and I resolved to learn more fully its meaning. 



