VOCAL PECULIARITIES III 



short is uttered, as in "but." To represent this sound an 

 apostrophe is placed between the lines, thus, ('). When 

 the vocal cords are brought to a greater tension, and the 

 aperture is almost closed, it utters the short sound of " E," 

 as in "met." To represent this sound a hyphen is inserted 

 between the lines, thus, (-). These are the main vowel 

 sounds of all animals, although in man they are sometimes 

 modified, and to them is added the sound of " E " long, 

 while in the ape the long sounds of " O " and "E" are 

 rarely heard. 



From this vowel basis all other sounds may be developed, 

 and by the use of diacritics to indicate the movements of 

 the organs of speech the consonant elements are indicated. 



A single parenthesis, with the concave side to the left, 

 will represent the initial sound of " W," which sometimes 

 occurs in the sounds of animals. When used, it is placed 

 on the left side of the leading symbol, thus, ) ( ), and this 

 symbol, as it stands, is pronounced nearly like "O-A," the 

 "O" being suppressed until almost inaudible. Turning 

 the concave side to the right, and placing it on the right 

 side of the symbol, thus, ( ) (, it represents the vanishing 

 sound of " W." This symbol reads " A-O," with the latter 

 vocal suppressed into the terminal sound of "O." The 

 apostrophe placed before or after the symbol will represent 

 "F" or "V." The grave accent, thus, e, represents the 

 breathing sound of " H," whether placed before or after 

 the symbol, and the acute accent, thus, e, represents the 

 aspirate sound of that letter. 



When the symbol is written with a numeral exponent, it 

 indicates the degree of pitch. If there is no figure, the 



