THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



DO 



have seven Cubas under our parental 

 care, and we must maintain an organiza- 

 tion of the League and an active agency 

 of the League to prevent their self-de- 

 struction. 



More than this, their very existence 

 creates humiliation and resentment in the 

 peoples of the empires out of which they 

 are carved, and these new peoples natu- 

 rally cherish hatred against the people of 

 the central countries because of the past 

 outrages to which they were subjected. 

 Between the old and the new we shall 

 find jealousies and ambition and selfish- 

 ness. Even with their present imperfect 

 existence as governments, some of these 

 peoples are already in war in the L'kraine, 

 in Poland, and in some parts of the Slav 

 country. 



We fought this war and are reorgan- 

 izing these new governments for the 

 purpose of maintaining a democratic 

 peace; but if continual quarrel and war 

 are to succeed this change on the map of 

 middle Europe, the purpose of the war 

 and the treaty will fail. 



How can these new States be enabled 

 to maintain their self-government and be 

 saved from fighting with their neighbors ? 

 Only through the supervision of a League 

 of the Allies. 



A SHOW OF FORCE NECESSARY TO INSURE 

 PEACE 



The treaty will be as long as the moral 

 law. It will define access to the sea and 

 will delimit in various ways the powers 

 and the rights of the countries within the 

 sphere of war. Immediately upon the 

 signing of the treaty the question of in- 

 terpretation and application to facts that 

 could not be anticipated will arise. 



Interpretation of a treaty and applica- 

 tion of it are ordinarily judicial questions 

 as between nations. Indeed, it is the 

 commonest form of a justiciable issue. 

 The interpretation must be authoritative, 

 and it cannot be given except by a court 

 acting under the authority of the League 

 of Nations making the treaty. 



Doubtless other questions will arise as 

 between these newly created countries 

 and the old ones which a court may prop- 

 erly settle. But not only will legal ques- 

 tions thrust themselves forward for solu- 

 tion under the treaty, but there will also 



be many non- justiciable questions of pol- 

 icy between the new and old States that 

 will clash. Therefore, a Council of Con- 

 ciliation will be as necessary as a court. 



If peace is to be maintained, the judg- 

 ments of the court must be enforced and 

 the recommendations of the Commission 

 of Conciliation must be given weight. 

 For this reason alone the League will 

 have to make arrangements among the 

 members so that their joint economic 

 pressure can be exerted and, where nec- 

 essary, war may be declared and a suffi- 

 cient force furnished by one or more 

 of the allies to compel respect for the 

 League court and its other agencies. 



Only by economic pressure and force 

 or a show of force can the quarrels 

 growing out of the jealousies of the new 

 and old nations be suppressed. 



Another reason why the League must 

 maintain a potential military force is to 

 suppress Bolshevism, that enemy of hu- 

 man civilization. 



YVe have promised, in the President's 

 message of January 8, to enable Russia 

 to get on her feet and to establish a gov- 

 ernment of her own framing. The Bol- 

 sheviki have Russia now by the throat 

 and are preventing a constituent assem- 

 bly through which alone a democratic 

 form of government can be established, 

 and through which alone a majority of 

 the people of Russia may give expression 

 to their desires as to the form of their 

 government. 



Again, we are to draw the boundary 

 between the Balkan States. That bound- 

 ary has often been drawn in the recent 

 history of Europe, but has rarely stayed 

 drawn. The bitterness between the Bul- 

 garians and the Slavs and the Ruma- 

 nians, the Greeks and Italians, has often 

 manifested itself in the past. One of the 

 great difficulties in settling the terms of 

 this peace is in the proper division of ter- 

 ritory between these Balkan nations and 

 Italy. 



After the treaty is made, boundary 

 questions will be justiciable questions, 

 and they can only be settled authorita- 

 tively by the League court. 



Moreover, the League will have a new 

 function to perform, indispensable in the 

 carrying out of the treaty. It must ex- 

 ercise local government through agencies 



