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THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



HERE NOTICE THE LAYER OE LAVA SUPERIMPOSED UPON THE GREAT BED OF 



PUMICE-STONE 



On the right we see cones in the incipient stage — that is, in the actual process of forma- 

 tion — and looking for all the world as if they were half buried in snow. From the left of 

 the picture one gets an idea of how closely the cones stand together. In places it is very 

 difficult to thread one's way through. them. 



of a man, there can be, strictly speaking, 

 no such thing as a united State. 



HOW PRIMITIVE MAN VIEWED HIS 

 EELLOW-BEINGS 



In the world in which primitive man 

 lived, every man was the uncompromis- 

 ing foe of every other man ; the man who 

 lived in one den could have nothing in 

 common with the man who lived in the 

 neighboring den. A pale, or dead-line, 

 was drawn between each several den, and 

 the owner of den A was an outlaw if he 

 crossed that dead-line into the territory 

 of the owner of den B. 



There were no rights of intermarriage ; 

 the den owner's woman was the captive 

 of his spear ; she was the slave of her 

 captor. She bore him children, but the 

 children and the mother alike remained 

 the slaves of the lord of the den, who al- 



lowed them to share the abode with him. 

 He fought for them with all the savage 

 tenacity of the bulldog, the lion, or the 

 tiger ; and while he lived no other human 

 being might enter that den and live to tell 

 the tale. 



TROGLODYTE TYPES OE ASIA MINOR 



Several kinds of Troglodytes are still 

 to be seen in various parts of Asia Minor. 

 The most primitive type known to me is 

 to be found in Cilicia Tracheia. They 

 may be seen in many places, but they 

 were thrust more particularly upon my 

 attention in a pass in the Taurus Moun- 

 tains some ten miles north of Ermenek 

 (Germanicopolis) . 



The inhabitants of this valley, known 

 as Bakluzan Dere, are cliff-dwellers of 

 the secondary type — that is, they have 

 done considerable work in the way of 

 improving their abodes, whose entrances 



