52 PALEONTOLOGY. 



Phryganea, Aeheta, and Blatta, Aphis, Cercopjis, and other 

 Homoptera, and ten dipterous genera. In the newer pliocene 

 fresh-water formations the recent Copris lunaris has been de- 

 tected, and the elytra of Donatio, and Hccrpalus. The principal 

 foreign sources of fossil insects have been the lithographic 

 slates of Solenliofen, and the tertiary deposits of Aix in Pro- 

 vence, and (Eningen, near Constance, on the Khine. Eemains 

 of species of Tinea and Sphinx are said to have been found in 

 the lower Jura, and of a diurnal Lepidopteran in the Molasse. 

 Numerous examples of insects in true amber have been ob- 

 tained, and much more abundantly in "gum animi," a more 

 modern fossil resin. These are all unknown to entomologists, 

 and are probably extinct, since no department of recent natural 

 history has been so closely worked, although the fossil insects 

 have been comparatively neglected. It .has been suggested 

 by Mr. Westwood that the lias insects have a sub-alpine 

 character, and may have been brought down by torrents from 

 some higher region. But no attempt has been made to 

 shew whether* these or any other group of fossil insects most 

 nearly resemble those of any particular zoological province of 

 the present day. The " indusial limestone " of Auvergne is 

 supposed to be built up of the fossilized cases of caddis-worms 

 (Phryganeidw) ; but Mr. Waterhouse, the only entomologist 

 who has visited the country and examined the formation, 

 entertains doubts of the correctness of this interpretation. 



Of the Myriapoda, 20 fossil species have been found, com- 

 mencing in the carboniferous system : a chilognathous genus 

 (Xylobius), allied to the gellyworm (Jidus), has left remains in 

 the interior of a fossil tree (Sigillaria) in the coal formation 

 of Nova Scotia. Of the Arachnida, 131 species are catalogued ; 

 the earliest and most interesting of these is the fossil scorpion 

 (Cyclopthalmus senior) of the Bohemian coal measures (figured 

 in Buckland's Bridgcwatcr Treatise). Fossil spiders are found 

 in the Solenliofen slates and in the tertiarv marls of Aix. 



