RHINOCEROS. 395 



Petersburg, together with the skeleton (fig. 147). This mea- 

 sures, from the fore part of the skull to the end of the muti- 

 lated tail, 16 feet 4 inches ; the height, to the top of the dorsal 

 spines, is 9 feet 4 inches ; the length of the tusks, along the 

 curve, is 9 feet 6 inches. Parts of the skin of the head, the 

 eye-ball, the strong ligament of the nape which helped to 

 sustain the heavy head and teeth, and the hoofs, remain 

 attached to the skeleton. These huge elephants, adapted by 

 their clothing to endure a cold climate, subsisted on the 

 branches and foliage of the northern pines, birches, willows, 

 etc. ; and during the short summer they probably migrated 

 northward, like their contemporary the musk-buffalo, which 

 still lingers on, to the 70th degree of N. latitude, retreating 

 during the winter to more temperate quarters. The mammoth 

 was preceded in Europe by other species of elephant — e.g., 

 Elephas prisons, Goldfuss, and El&phas meridionalis, Nesti, 

 which, during the pliocene period, seem not to have gone 

 northward beyond temperate latitudes. 



The mammoth seems to have enjoyed a wider geographical 

 range than any other extinct elephant. Its remains have been 

 found in the British isles, continental Europe, the Mediter- 

 ranean, Siberia, and throughout a large portion of North 

 America, where it co-existed not only with the gigantic Mas- 

 todon Ohiotieus, but also with a second species of true elephant 

 (Elephas texianus, Blake*), the teeth of which were more 

 adapted to a succulent vegetable diet. Existing elephants 

 are confined to the Old World. 



Genus Ehinogeros, L. — The rhinoceros, like the elephant, 

 was represented in pliocene and post-pliocene times, in tempe- 

 rate and northern latitudes of Asia and Europe, by extinct 

 species. One {Rhinoceros leptorhinus) associated with the 

 Hippopotamus major in fresh-water upper pliocene deposits ; 

 another (i?. tieliorrlvinns) with the mammoth in brick-earth 



* " Bollaert's Antiquities of S. America," 2d ed. 



