410 PALEONTOLOGY. 



referred by Cautley and Falconer to Camelopardalis sivalensis 

 and Cam. affinis, may likewise belong to the Helladotherian 

 type. These discoveries yield the main fact that Giraffe-like 

 ruminants had formerly a much more extensive range than 

 at the present day ; and they indicate, with other palseonto- 

 logical evidence, that the continent of Africa has undergone 

 less change since the miocene period than either Europe or 

 Asia. 



Family. — Antilopice. 



The most gigantic and extraordinary of the extinct 

 "hollow-horned" ruminants are those called Sivatherium, 

 from the Siwalik hills, and Bramatherium from Perim island : 

 both from deposits of the older pliocene period. The head 

 was very large, broad but short, and sustained two pairs 

 of horns ; it was supported on a short and powerful neck. 

 The proportions of the skull and cervical vertebrae were the 

 reverse of those in the giraffe, from which also these huge 

 pachydermoid antelopes differed in the horny sheaths of the 

 horn-cores. 



In the Sivatherium the hinder pair of horns was expanded 

 and branched, as in the Antilope furcifera. In the Brama- 

 therium the front pair of horns was the longest and largest. 

 The little Antilope aimdricornis of India is now the sole 

 representative of the great four-horned ruminants of the older 

 pliocene period in that continent. 



Small antelopes, resembling the Grimm of Senegal, have 

 left remains in the miocene of Sansans (A. martiniana and 

 A. clavata), and in the Suabian " mollasse" (A. molassica). 

 A. deperdita is from the older pliocene of Vaucluse, and A. 

 dichotoma from the newer pliocene of Gers. The chamois 

 (A. rupricapra) is now the sole existing European antelope. 

 Besides the A. ma,quinensis, already noticed, from Brazil, the 

 limestone caverns of that country have also yielded remains 

 of an antelope, on which their discoverer, Mr. Lund, has 



