96 NORTH AMERICAN SHOREBIRDS. 



Turnstone . Arenaria inter pres ( Linn . ) . 



Breeding range. — The turns tone inhabits nearly the whole of the 

 Eastern Hemisphere and a small part of the Western. It breeds 

 along the whole Arctic coast of Europe and Asia and south to Japan 

 and the islands in the Baltic Sea. It ranges eastward across Bering 

 Strait at least to Point Barrow, Alaska (Stone), and breeds south to 

 the mouth of the Yukon (Nelson) and on the islands of St. Lawrence 

 (Nelson) and St. Matthew (Elliott) in Bering Sea. Its range to the 

 northeastward in North America has not yet been definitely settled. 

 Two specimens from the west coast of central Greenland have been 

 identified by W. Palmer as interpres. No specimens were exam- 

 ined by him from any point between Greenland and the Anderson 

 Kiver, Mackenzie; the specimens from this latter place are certainly 

 morinella. Where the dividing line between the two forms runs is 

 not certain, but since the birds of eastern Ungava are morinella, it 

 is probable that this is the form occurring on the islands near the 

 Arctic coast of North America and equally probable that the records 

 on the islands northwest of Greenland should be referred to interpres. 

 The species has been recorded along the whole west coast of Green- 

 land, and was found breeding at Disco Bay (Kumlien) and on the 

 eastern and northern coasts of Eilesmere Island almost to latitude 

 83° (Feilden). The turnstone, therefore, is one of the most northern 

 breeding of all birds. On the eastern coast of Greenland it ranges 

 at least as far north as Sabine Island, latitude 74° (Winge). * . 



Winter range. — The species winters on the coasts of nearly the 

 whole of the Eastern Hemisphere from Europe and Asia to southern 

 Africa, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific, Indian, and eastern 

 Atlantic oceans. 



Spring migration. — The species arrived in the Aleutians at Unalaska 

 May 19, 1890 (Palmer). As it winters in Hawaii (Henshaw), and is 

 not known on the coast of the mainland south of Alaska, it is prac- 

 tically certain that these Unalaska birds make the journey of 2,000 

 miles in a single flight from Hawaii to the Aleutians. Other dates 

 of spring arrival are: Mouth of the Yukon, May 19, 1879 (Nelson); 

 Nulato, Alaska, May 23, 1868 (Dall); Point Barrow, Alaska, June 

 12, 1882 (Murdoch), June 12, 1883 (Murdoch), and May 29, 1898 

 (Stone). The dates of arrival northwest of Greenland are May 27, 

 1876, at Cape Henry (Hart), and June 2, 1883, at Cape Baird 

 (Greely), each near latitude 82°. 



Eggs were taken July 30, 1876, at Discovery Bay, Eilesmere 

 Island, 81° 40' N. (Hart), and young were already on the wing July 

 9, 1883, at Fort Conger (Greely), a few miles distant. Downy 

 young were taken June 4, 1898, at Point Barrow, Alaska (Stone). 



Fall migration. — The first arrived on the Pribilof Islands July 2 

 (Elliott), and after the middle of the month were abundant. The 



