HERMAPHRODITISM. 69 



important phenomena of hermaphroditism in amphibians in a 

 series as follows : — 



[a) Embryonic hermaphroditism, demonstrated as of normal occurrence 



in frog tadpoles. 



/i\-n i^- M. 1, Ti- f expressed in Bidder's organ in male toads : 



((9) Partial hermaphroditism, -^ , / t . ^, ^ r.i. i . x 



^ ' ^ ' (_ (alsoexpressedinvariousstatesoitheducts). 



(.) True adult hermaphroditism, j ^°™f . ^V°^^ f ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^>^- 

 ^ ■' '■ ' { casual in frogs, occ. 



Well-developed ovary, rudimentary ovary or Bidder's organ, and "fatty- 

 bodies," may be taken as illustrating the normal and the pathological pre- 

 ponderance of anabolic processes. Amphibians, every one will admit, 

 are for the most part animals of distinctly sluggish habit ; the natural 

 characteristics of the male sex may be said to be to some extent handi- 

 capped, and curious instances are known where the more external functions 

 of the two sexes are strangely inverted. The male obstetric frog is not 

 alone in taking charge of the ova, and the female of one of the efts behaves 

 in copulation like a male. 



The list need not be further followed ; it is enough to note 

 the very wide occurrence of partial hermaphroditism. In many 

 cases, however, this takes an interesting form, by expressing 

 itself in the external characters. Forms occur in which the 

 minor peculiarities of the two sexes, — colouring, decorations, 

 weapons, and the like, — appear blended together, or in w^hich 

 the secondary sexual characters are at variance with the internal 

 organs. In most cases, one is safe in saying that there is no 

 true internal hermaphroditism in any degree. Arrest of matu- 

 rity or puberty, cessation of the reproductive functions, removal 

 or disease of the essential organs, and the like, may alter the 

 secondary sexual characters from female towards male, or, less 

 frequently, vice versa. A female deer may develop a horn, or a 

 hen a spur, and in such cases the ovaries are generally found to 

 be diseased. The prettiest cases of superficial hermaphroditism 

 occur among insects, especially among moths and butterflies, 

 where it often happens that the wings on one side are those of 

 the male, on the other those of the female. Only the external 

 features have been observed in most cases ; but it has been 

 shown by dissection that such superficial blending may exist 

 along with internal unisexuality, or, in a few cases, with genuine 

 internal hermaphroditism. A beautiful case of intimate blend- 

 ing of superficial sex characters was lately shown to us by Mr 

 W. de V. Kane, of Kingstown. A specimen of butterfly 

 {Euchloe euphenoides) showed the anterior half of the fore wings 

 and part of the hind wings with the characteristic white ground 

 of the female, while in the posterior half of the fore wings and 



