116 UNGULATA. 



27872. The axis vertebra ; dredged off the Essex coast. Described 



(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 211, 232, pi. xvii. 



fig. 4. Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852. 



33448. The centrum of the atlas vertebra, wanting the hinder 

 epiphysis and part of the odontoid processs. 



Elephas hysudricus, Falconer and Cautley 1 . 

 Syn. EuelepJias hysudricus, auct. 



Pohlig 2 has proposed to identify this species with E. meridionalis, 

 but both the dentition and cranium indicate a more specialized 

 form. The ridge-formula 3 , excluding talons, appears to be: — Mm. 



if£ff > M - £ff.1£ff:Sffl The crowns of the cheek - teeth 



are wide in proportion to their length, and their ridges are usually 

 taller, narrower, and more numerous than in E. meridionalis ; the 

 enamel is frequently very thin and much plicated, and the ridges 

 are closely approximated, with their worn dentine surfaces relatively 

 narrow. In other specimens, however, the enamel is thicker, the 

 plication very slight, and the ridges less numerous, thicker, and 

 placed further apart, with broader and more mesially-expanded 

 dentine surfaces; and such specimens approach very closely to 

 certain molars of E. meridionalis and E. planifrons. The cranium 

 of the adult 4 is very like that of the former species ; but has the 

 vertex more vaulted, the fissure on the occiput for the ligamentum 

 nuchae deeper and extending on to the facial aspect, the frontal 

 cavity deeper, and the temporal fossae larger. In the young cranium 5 

 the frontal cavity is wanting. In the majority of these cranial 

 characters the species agrees with E. indicus; and, although the 

 frontal concavity and the occipital fissure are more exaggerated in 

 the fossil, it is not improbable that the one form may be the direct 

 ancestor of the other. 



The present species attained dimensions fully equal to those of 

 E. meridionalis. 



Hah. India (Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills and Punjab, and 

 [apparently] Pleistocene of the Narbada Valley). Unless otherwise 

 stated, the following specimens are from the Siwalik Hills, and belong 

 to the Cautley Collection, presented, 1842. 



1 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pt. 1, p. 41 (1846). 



2 Sitz. niederrhein. Ges. Feb. 4th, 1884. 



:i Slightly modified from the one given in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 

 10, vol. i. p. 285. 



1 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pis. xliii., xlv. figs. 20a. 

 5 Ibid. pis. xliii., xlv. figs. 206. 



