122 



UT5TGTJLATA. 



Elephas antiquus, Falconer 1 . 



Syn. Elephas (Loxodori) pinscus, Falconer and Cautley 2 . 



Euelephas antiquus, auct. 

 Including Elephas (antiquus) trogontherii, Pohlig 3 . 



The ridge-formula 4 , excluding talons, may be represented as 



M (2-3). (5-7). (8-11) M (9-12). (12-13). (15-20) rpi rf , 



mU1, 3 .(6-8). (9-11)' m * (11-12). (12-13). (16-21)' ±Iie riu S es are S ene 



rally higher and more numerous than in E. hysudricus, but less so 

 than in E. primigenius. The molars are usually relatively narrow 

 in respect to their length and height, this feature being apparent 

 even in the " broad-crowned " and " thick-ridged " varieties. Gene- 

 rally in the upper, and almost always in the lower, molars there 

 is a slight mesial expansion of the worn disks of the ridges, which 

 may or may not be angulated. The plication of the enamel 

 varies greatly, being most marked in the " narrow- crowned " 

 variety, and least so in the " broad-crowned " variety, in which 

 the mesial expansion is often wanting; the enamel is usually 

 thicker than in E. primigenius. The molars are subject to great 

 variation — those of the thick-ridged variety (Falconer's E. prisms) 

 approaching very closely to those of E. africanus, while other 

 specimens approximate to E. meridionalis, and others again to 

 E. primigenius. The incisor is either gently curved as in E. indicus, 

 or straight ; it narrows gradually from base to tip. The characters 

 of the cranium are not fully known, but the mandible approximates 

 to that of E. africanus. The species attains a large size, Pohlig 

 (op. cit.) stating that it even exceeds E. meridionalis in this respect ; 

 a small race from the cave of Cucigliana, Monti Pisani, Tuscany, 

 has been distinguished by Acconci 5 as var. nanus. 



Hab. Europe, apparently not ranging north of Yorkshire. In 



1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii., table facing p. 319 (1857). Molars of this 

 species had been previously figured in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pis. xiv. 

 (1846), xiv. a. (1847), but were named E. meridionalis ; the name E. antiquus 

 also occurs on pi. xiv. b. (1847) of the same work, but was applied to molars of 

 E. meridionalis. 



2 ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pt. 2, pi. xiv. (1846). The specimens were 

 provisionally identified with E. prisons, Goldfuss (Nova Acta Ac. Ca^s. Leop.- 

 Car. vol. xi. art. 2, p. 489 [1823]), which was apparently applied to molars of the 

 African Elephant (' Falconer's Pakeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. pp. 94, 95). 

 E. prisons, F. & C, has the priority over E. antiquus, but the latter is too 

 universally accepted to be abolished. 



3 Sitz. niederrhein. Ges. Feb. 4th, 1884. 



4 Slightly modified from Leith-Adams, ' British Fossil Elephants' (Mon. 

 Pal. Soc), p. 176. If the talons be included the formula will be higher, see 

 Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 231. 



6 Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. vol. v. p. 150 (1881). 



