138 TJNGTJLATA. 



vertebra ; from the Pleistocene near Peterborough. These 

 specimens are of enormous size. 



Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876. 



Elephas mnaidriensis, Leith- Adams \ 



This species is considered to have averaged between six and 

 seven feet in height and to have been allied to the narrow-crowned 

 race of E. antiquus and also to E. africanus. The ridge-formula is 

 given by Leith-Adams 2 (exclusive of talons) as Mm. 3 ' 6 ' ( g~ q ?? 

 M. g~Q ' ][q ' Q2Z1S ? which is lower than mE. antiquus and nearer E. me- 

 riclionalis. The form of the disks on the worn ridges of the molars 

 is very similar to those in the narrow-crowned variety of E. antiquus; 

 the plication of the enamel is usually less marked than in the next 

 species, and there are both thin- and thick-ridged teeth. There is 

 considerable difficulty in referring many of the earlier teeth to their 

 proper serial position, and it is not always easy to determine whether 

 a tooth which might be regarded as (say) m. 1 of the present species 

 might not be mm. 4 of E. melitensis. Many of the serial determina- 

 tions made by Leith-Adams are provisional 3 , and they are in the 

 main followed here with the same proviso. It is probable that 

 there was a complete transition from E. antiquus through the 

 present form to E. melitensis ; and whether the three forms be 

 regarded as distinct species, or merely as races of one or two very 

 variable species, is a matter of individual opinion, and one of com- 

 paratively little import 4 . 



Hah. Malta. All the following specimens (which are the types) 

 are from the Pleistocene cavern and rock-fissure deposits of that 

 island. Unless otherwise stated, they belong to the Leith-Adams 

 Collection, which was purchased in 1873 ; the majority of these 

 specimens have been described and figured by Leith-Adams in the 

 Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. part 1 (1874). 



49212. The left exoccipital ; from Zebbug cave. Figured by Busk 



{Fig.) in the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. pi. xliv. figs. 3, 4 (as 



Elephas, sp.). Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-80. 



1 ' Notes of a Naturalist in the Nile Valley and Malta,' p. 224 : Edinburgh, 

 1870. The name was here given as E. mnaidrce, but was amended by its author 

 in the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. p. 116 (1874). 



2 Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. p. 112. 



3 Ibid. pp. 109-111. 



4 See Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 110. Pohlig (Sitz. niederrhein. Ges. Feb. 4th, 

 1884) proposes to include E. melita (sic), Falc, in E. antiquus, and it may be 

 inferred that such inclusion would embrace the present form. 



