10 THE HISTORY OF ORNITHOLOGY 



many important changes besides this. It was a great advance 

 in our knowledge of the systematic relations of Birds. Next 

 comes M. P. Vieillot, 1817-23, really 1805-23. His labors 

 were noted for their descriptive value. He published a great 

 deal, and, as he sought to popularize the science, his works 

 proved very attractive and became quite widely known. 

 C. J. Temminck, 1820, at the time Curator of the Royal 

 Museum at Leyden, then brought out his noted Manual of 

 Ornithology, the second edition of which appeared at the above 

 date. It contained an analysis of general Ornithology, and 

 his arrangement of the different classes of Birds — which was 

 essentially a new one. It was for a time recognized as an au- 

 thority, but being mainly a compilation from previous writers 

 soon gave way for newer matter. He wrote a great deal be- 

 sides this, praising Illiger but deprecating Vieillot. 

 L. Oken, 1821, was a German Ornithologist of great note. 

 He added a great deal to our knowledge of Birds. A treatise 

 of his published in 1809 really foreshadows his maturer work 

 in 1821. He speaks of " birds that are fed by their parents 

 and those that run about at birth " in such a way as to leave 

 no doubt but that he outlined our present division into Altri- 

 ces and Pr^ecoces. Somewhat later his work was taken up 

 by Ehrenburg. John P. Selby, 1821-34, is another ex- 

 cellent writer who sought to popularize British Ornithology 

 by his elegant volume. It was the best effort of his time and 

 approached by few. Conjointly with Sir Wm. Jardine, he 

 published several valuable works and many detached writings 

 upon this subject. The latter conducted that eminently pop- 

 ular and intensely interesting series entitled The Naturalists' 1 

 Library. R. P. Lesson, 1822-34, was a most voluminous 

 writer whose works were constantly appearing. He seems to 

 have both adopted an old and created a new system, — but 

 there seems to appear no special marks by which to show that 

 any really new material became incorporated into the great 

 fabric of our present classification. After Lesson there came 

 C. L. Nitzsch, 1829. He introduced the " carotid com- 



