18/8.] MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARINJE. 169 



these as the characteristics to distinguish it from its congeners, its 

 range may be defined as the north-west of Europe from the Varanger 

 Fiord, the Baltic, the western coasts down to North Africa, the 

 Azores (where it breeds), Madeira, and the Canaries (Godman). To 

 Greenland it is a very rare straggler ; but it was obtained at Winter 

 Islands, near Melville Peninsula, occurs in Hudson' s-Bay territory 

 as far as the Mackenzie River, and probably reaches right across to 

 the Pacific coast, where it certainly occurs, a specimen from Kodiak, 

 collected by Wosnesensky, in the St. -Petersburg Museum, being, as 

 Mr. Seebohm informs me, much lighter in the mantle than L. ca- 

 chinnans ; and several specimens from the west coast of Mexico are in 

 my collection. Dall and Bannister also record what seems to be this 

 species from Alaska and from the Upper Yukon. There can be no 

 doubt that examples from northern latitudes have a somewhat lighter 

 mantle than those from more temperate regions, although the trans- 

 ition is very gradual ; and this light form has received the name of 

 L. argentatoides. From Labrador this species ranges down the coast 

 and along the great rivers and inland lakes as far as Texas ; it also 

 visits Cuba and Bermudas. Prof. Barboza du Bocage, in his "List 

 of Birds in the Lisbon Museum" (J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 291), 

 cites an example obtained on the Angola coast, and another at Porto 

 Alexandre, Benguela, more than 15° south of the equator, and in 

 the latitude of the island of St. Helena. This is indeed an exten- 

 sion of its range, provided there is no error in the identification of 

 the specimens. 



8. Larus cachinnans, Pall. 



Larus cachinnans, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. -As. ii. p. 318 (1811). 



Larus argent atus, Bp.Tconogr. F. Ital. Uccelli, In trod. (1832-41); 

 Middend. Sib. Reise ii. p. 242 (part.), (1853) ; Schlegel, Mus. 

 Pays-Bas, Lari, p. 17 (part.), 1863 ; Blasius, J. f. Orn. 1865, p. 380 

 (part.) ; Hume, Yarkand Exp. Zool. p. 299 (1873), Kashmir; id. 

 Stray Feath. i. p. 270 (1873), Scinde. 



Larus cachinnans, Pall. ; v. der Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 143 

 (1842). 



Glaucus leucophaeus, (Licht.) Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 10 1 (Red 

 Sea). 



Glaucus michahellesii, Bruch, torn. cit. p. 101. 



" Glaucus borealis, Brandt," Bruch, torn. cit. p. 101. 



Laroides michahellesii, Bruch, op. cit. 1855, p. 282. 



Laroides cachinnans, (Pall.), Bruch, torn. cit. p. 282. 



"Laroides borealis, (Brandt)" Bruch, torn. cit. p. 282. 



Larus epargyrus, Licht. Nomencl. Ay. Mus. Berol. p. 99 (1854), 

 sine descr. (type examined, H. S.). 



Larus leucophaeus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 99 (1854J, 

 descr. nulla (type examined, H. S.) ; Salvador!, Cat. Ucc. Sard. p. 

 129 (1864); Finsch & Hartl. Yog. Ost-Afrik. p. 81S (1870); 

 Dresser, B. of Europe, pt. xxii. (Oct. 1873). 



Laroides leucophaeus, Bp. Naumannia, 1854, p. 212 ; id. Consp. ii. 

 p. 219(1857). 



[15] 



