1878.] MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARINyE. 173 



the two outer primaries ; and their ground-colour is rather darker 

 than in most examples of L. fuscus. In the colour of the mantle 

 many specimens are quite as dark as L. fuscus, especially those 

 from Southern California, one of which I should have referred to 

 that species but for its long coarse foot ; for at that time I had only 

 northern specimens of L. occidentalis available, and these are con- 

 siderably lighter on the mantle and in general tint. Since then I 

 have had the opportunity of inspecting more examples and of knowing 

 the species better ; and it seems to me that its large deep bill will 

 generally, and its large coarse foot, longer than the tarsus, will 

 always, suffice to separate it from L. fuscus, which has a delicate 

 foot, much shorter than the tarsus. As a rule L. occidentalis is a 

 stouter bird ; but some males of L. fuscus from the south of Europe 

 run very long in the wing and as large in the bill, whilst on the other 

 hand the Magdalena-Bay L. occidentalis is a female, and has an 

 unusually slender bill. In one example I have found a tiny sub- 

 apical spot on the second primary on one side, but not on the other ; 

 so that it is probably a mark of extreme age; but in fully adult 

 L. fuscus this is common. Although I have laid stress upon the 

 characters which distinguish this Gull from L. fuscus, yet it is rather 

 more closely related to the Herring-Gull group, as shown by its 

 generally larger size, stout bill, and large feet, which are flesh-coloured 

 in this species, although, as in many other cases, they are sometimes 

 rather yellow when dried. 



11. Larus fuscus, Linn. 



Larus fuscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766); Scop. Ann. i. 

 Hist. Nat. p. 80 (1769);' Gruel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 599 (1788); Lath. 

 Ind. Orn. p. 815 (1790) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 496 (1815) ; Schl. 

 M. Pays-Bas, Lari, p. 15 (1863) ; Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Qst-Afr. 

 p. 820(1870) ; Sharpe and Dresser, B. of Europe, pt. xvi. (Feb- 

 ruary 1873). 



Larus flavipes, Meyer, Tasch. Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 469, pi. front. 

 (1810). 



Larus cinereus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. &c, Brit. Mus. p. 401 

 (1816). 



"Larus argentatus, Mont." Bewick, Brit. B. Supp. p. 39 (1821). 



Leucus fuscus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 86 and 196 (1829). 



Laroides melanotos, harengorum et fuscus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. 

 pp. 747-749 (1831). 



Dominicanus fuscescens (Licht.) partim, Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, 

 p. 100. Lichtenstein's example from Arabia is this species; the 

 other bearing this name \sL. cachinnans (specimens examined, H. S.). 



Dominicanus fuscus (Linn.), Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 100; id. 

 op. cit. 1855, p. 281, including his L. fuscescens of 1853. 



Clupeilurus fuscus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 220 (1857). 



"Larus medius, Hempr. & Ehr." in Mus. Berol. "Gumfudde." 

 An immature specimen of this species, H. S. 



Hob. The north of Europe, the Faroes, the Baltic, Russia as far 

 east as Archangel, the British Islands, the French coast, and the 



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