1878.] MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARIN/E. 195 



California, Mexico, Guatemala, and as far south as Tumbez, the 

 northern frontier of Peru (Jelski). Once obtained by Col. Montagu 

 at Winchelsea, Sussex. The specimen in the British Museum, from 

 his collection, is undoubtedly of this species ; but there seems to be 

 no warrant for its reputed occurrence in Southern Europe and the 

 Mediterranean. 



This species may always be known by its black primaries. 



34. Larus franklini, Sw. & Rich. 



Larus atricilla, J. Sabine, App. Franklin's Polar Sea, p. 695 

 (1823), nee Linn, nee auctt. (the description clearly applies to this 

 species). 



Larus franklini, Sw. & Rich. F. Bor.-Am,, Birds, p. 424, pi. lxxi. 

 (1831); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Lari, p. 36 (1863) ; Scl. & Salv. 

 P. Z. S. 1871, p. 577 ; Newton, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 57, pi. iv. fig. 4, 

 egg (Manitoba) ; Coues, B. N.-West Am. p. 653 (1874). 



Larus cucullatus, Licht. MSS. (Mexico), type in Berlin Mus. 

 (examined, H. S.). 



Larus pipixcan, Wagler, Isis, 1833, p. 515. 



Xema franklini, Bp. Comp. L. B. Eur. & N. Am. p. 62 (1838) ; 

 Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 194. 



Xema pipixcan, Boie, loc. s. cit. 



Chroicocephalus franklini, Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 104, et 1855, 

 p. 289 ; Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 851 (1858). 



Chroicocephalus cucullatus, Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 104, et 1855, 

 p. 290; Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 851 (1858) ; Coues, Proc. Phil. Ac. 

 J 862, p. 309. 



Chroicocephalus kitlitzii, Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 104 (described 

 from a drawing), nee Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1860, which = L. saundersi. 



Chroicocephalus schimperi, Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 104 (nee 

 Schlegel, 1863, which = L. saundersi). 



Larus cinereo-caudatus, Ph. et Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1861, p. 293. 



Hah. Interior of North America, west of the Mississippi ; breeds 

 in Manitoba ; seldom visits the Atlantic coast, but has once occurred 

 at St. Bartholomew's, West Indies (Sund.) ; goes down the Pacific 

 coast as far as Chili, whence I have a fully adult example with partial 

 hood, collected by Mr. E. Reid, of Santiago, and also one from 

 Callao, Peru. 



The primaries of this species undergo much alteration with the 

 age of the bird ; and in time the subapical mirror on the first extends 

 over the greater part of the webs. 



From the description there can be little or no doubt that Bruch's 

 L. kitlitzi and L. schimperi are referable to this species. Both 

 were suppressed in his second review (1855), when he corrected a 

 few of his more glaring errors ; and all trace of the second name has 

 vanished from the Mainz Museum, where I especially looked for it, as 

 Schlegel had adopted it for a totally different Chinese species. The 

 type was said to have come from New Zealand, had a bright red bill, 

 dark hood, and black primaries with white tips. 



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