200 MR. II. SAUNDERS ON THE LARIN.E. [Feb. 5, 



Xema caniceps, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p 758. 



Chroicocephalus melanocephalus, Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 10-4. 



Melagavia melanocephalus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 213. 



Gavia melanocephala, Bp. Coaipt. Rend. 1856, xlii. p. 771. 



Hab. Mediterranean and Black Sea ; outside the Straits of Gib- 

 raltar I observed it, apparently breeding, in the marshes of Huelva; 

 and it regularly ascends the west coast of the Iberian peninsula and of 

 France as far as Bordeaux, as is proved by the specimens annually ob- 

 tained there. It is therefore not at all astonishing that an immature 

 specimen should have been shot out of a flock of L. ridibundus at 

 Barking Creek in January 1866. This example is in the British 

 Museum. 



In old birds the primaries are white, excepting a very black streak 

 down tbe outer web of the first primary only ; but it is not unusual 

 to find birds with the full black hood and white tail indicative of 

 maturity, but with a good deal of black on both the outer and inner 

 webs of the outer five primaries, the black crossing both webs near 

 their extremities and forming a subapical bar. The drawings (fig. 

 11, p. 199, and fig. 12, p. 201) show the differences between the 

 pattern of the three outer primaries of a bird of the year, shot in 

 March, and that of a L. ridibundus of about the same age. 



39. Larus ridibundus, Linn. (Fig. 12.) 



? Larus cinerarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1/66). 



Larus ridibundus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766) ; Schl. M. P.- 

 Bas, Lari, p. 37 (1863). 



Larus erythropus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 597 (1788). 



Larus cinerarius, Schaff. Mus. Orn. p. 63 (1789); Pall. Z. 

 Rosso-As. ii. p. 326. 



Larus canescens, Bechst. Orn. Tash. p. 370 (1802). 



Larus atricilla, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 324 (1811), nee 

 Linn. 



Larus ncevius, id. torn. cit. p. 327. 



Larus capistratus, Teram. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. pt. ii. p. 7^5 

 (1820). 



Xema ridibundus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. 



Xema capistratus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563, et 1841, p. 192. 



Xema ridibundum, Brehm, Vog. Deutsch. p. 760 (1831). 



Xema pileatum, id. op. cit. p. 761. 



Xema capistratum, id. op. cit. p. 762. 



Chroicocephalus capistratus, Eyton, Hist. Rarer Brit. B. p. 63 

 (1836); Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 105. 



Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Evton, Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 53 (1836) ; 

 Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 105*; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421 ; 

 David & Oust. Ois. de la Chine, p. 520 (1877). 



Gavia ridibundus, Bp. Naumannia, 1851, p. 213. 



Gavia capistratus, Bp. op. cit. p. 213. 



Chroicocephalus pileatus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295. 



Larus brunneicephalusl, Cassin, Perry's Exp. Japan, ii. p. 233 

 (1856), clearly this species in winter dress. 

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