THE TEETH OF THE HIGHER APES AND MAN 193 



Galeopithecus, etc. The upper lateral is very 

 erratic, and, like the third molar, seems to be on 

 the road to extinction. It is sometimes absent, or 

 may be reduced to a mere peg-shape; or it may 

 be bicuspid by the raising of the lingual cingule, 

 like the incisors of the Insectivora. The canine 

 is sometimes strongly marked by the ridges or 

 a cingule, which it shows in lower forms ; the up- 

 per premolars sometimes have three roots, as in 

 the Quadrumana; the upper molar is sometimes 

 tricuspid, which is a lemurine form and reaches 

 far back into Eocene times. The second lower 

 molar occasionally has the fifth cusp, which is 

 the anthropoid type; but this cusp is wanting in 

 the higher races, though often present in the 

 lower. The lower third molar is sometimes wrin- 

 kled on the face, like the molars of the Orang, etc. 

 The prehistoric and other low races of man- 

 kind stand nearer to the Apes in many essential 

 points of structure than the highly developed and 

 advanced races. This is illustrated by many 

 parts of their anatomy, and markedly so in re- 

 gard to some features of the dental organization, 

 in which they differ from the higher races in 

 many points and approach the Apes below them. 

 The arch is not so rounded as in modern man but 

 it is more square in front; the third molars have 

 ample space, and are as large as the other molars ; 

 the jaws are prominent and prognathous; the 



