THE TEETH OF THE HIGHER APES AND MAN 195 



show the ape-like features of the teeth and jaws 

 very strongly. The prominent superciliary 

 ridges and glabella were accompanied by massive 

 zygomatic arches, jaws, and mandible, and a re- 

 ceding chin like the Apes. The posterior molars 

 were as large or larger than the other molars, 

 which increase from front to back; the lower mo- 

 lars were often elongated like the Apes ; the lower 

 molars all have the fifth tubercle, which is missing 

 in the second molar in later Man; the bicuspids 

 were large and thick, and of large size in propor- 

 tion to the molars ; the cusps were high and sharp, 

 but, like the tubercles of the molars, became much 

 worn in adult age with rough usage; the canines 

 were heavy, long, and sharp, being more of the 

 baboon type; the incisors were long and thick; 

 the centrals and laterals were more nearly of the 

 same width, like the teeth of the anthropoid Apes. 

 The teeth are very degenerate in tissual organi- 

 zation among the higher, i.e., European races, 

 but this is due not to the mere fact of civilization, 

 but to the enervating effects of the luxuries and 

 vices of civilization, to which they succumb. The 

 higher races do not live near enough to the ener- 

 gizing influences of nature, but by surrounding 

 their lives with enervating luxuries and degrading 

 vices induce weaknesses which transmit degen- 

 erate organization. From this cause the teeth of 

 the higher races have suffered much. Savages as 



